Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Arrhenatherum elatius. By inoculation strain 705 gave much less severe symptoms on Alopecuruspratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but other grasses tested were not diseased (Egli et al., 1975) Three other strains (711, 719, and 725) gave mild symptoms on Lolium multiflorum, and one (730) gave a slight reaction on Phleum pratense. The reactions on Festuca pratensis and Poa trivialis were negative or negligible (Egli & Schmidt 1982). It is unlikely that the above inoculated hosts would be infected naturally. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of tall oat grass. The symptoms are identical to those caused by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. They are first seen at the heading stage when young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or may die. In some plants poor growth continues and small distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on older leaves along the vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. All of Egli's isolates came from that country and the pathogen has not yet been reported from elsewhere. TRANSMISSION: As with X. campestris pv. graminis transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Heading Stage

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infects Poa trivialis. By artificial inoculation Poafertilis and P. nemoralis are both moderately susceptible, P. annua rather less susceptible, and P. pratensis and P. compressa little or not at all affected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of rough stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis). The symptoms are the same as those produced by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. At the heading stage young leaves are seen to curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or die. Some plants produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic areas form along the vascular bundles of older leaves and often extend into their sheaths. Bacterial streaming is usually visible under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. Probably present but unrecognised in some other european countries. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop the main means of transmission is probably mowing machinery.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Phleumpratense. In inoculation tests Egli & Schmidt (1982) found that Phleum alpinum, P. arenarium, P. bertolonii (2 cvs.), P. phleoides and P. pratense (2 cvs.) were all highly susceptible. Lolium multiflorum showed mild symptoms in this test, but none in another. Other grasses, including Festuca pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius and Poa trivalis showed little or, more often, no symptom development. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of timothy grass. The symptoms are the same as those caused by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. Young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or die. In some plants growth continues poorly and small, distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form along the vascular bundles of older leaves, often extending to the sheaths. Bacterial streaming is often visible under the microscope from the cut edges of infected tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Norway (Egli & Schmidt, 1982) and Belgium (61, 6162) are the only reports so far, but the disease is probably more widespread in Europe than this would suggest. TRANSMISSION: As for X. campestris pv. graminis transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery. The possibility of seed transmission should not be overlooked, although this has not been proved.

Evaluation of mineral fertilizer effects in a long-term experiment on a planted sward

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Kádár
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment

Egy műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 32. évében, 2005-ben vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) vezérnövényű, nyolckomponensű, pillangós nélküli gyepkeverék termésére, fejlődésére és elemtartalmára. A termőhely mészlepedékes csernozjom talaja a szántott rétegben mintegy 3% humuszt, 3–5% CaCO3-ot és 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben közepesen, P és Zn elemekben gyengén ellátottnak minősült. A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. A vizsgált 2005. évben azonban kielégítő mennyiségű (649 mm) csapadék hullott és annak eloszlása is kedvező volt. A gyep telepítése spenót elővetemény után 2000. szeptember 20-án történt gabona sortávra 60 kg·ha–1 vetőmaggal, amelynek 25%-át (15 kg) a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis); 21–21%-át (12,6 kg) a nádképű csenkesz (Festuca arundinacea) és az angol perje (Lolium perenne); 9%-át (5,4 kg) a taréjos búzafű (Agropyron cristatum), valamint 6–6%-át (3,6 kg) a vörös csenkesz (Festuca rubra), a réti komócsin (Phleum pratense), a zöld pántlikafű (Phalaris arundinacea) és a csomós ebír (Dactylis glomerata) tette ki. Főbb eredményeink: – A meghatározó N-trágyázás nyomán a szénatermés 5-szörösére emelkedett a két kaszálással a N-kontrollhoz viszonyítva. A maximális 10 t·ha–1 körüli légszáraz szénahozamokat a 300 kg N·ha–1·év–1 N-adag, valamint a 150 mg·kg–1 körüli AL-P2O5-, illetve 150 mg·kg–1 feletti AL-K2O-tartalom biztosította. Növénydiagnosztikai szempontból a nagy terméshez kötődő optimális elemtartalom 2% körüli N- és K-, illetve 0,2–0,3% P-koncentráció volt a szénában. – A két kaszálással felvett minimum (a 2 t·ha–1 körüli szénatermést adó N-kontroll) és maximum (a 10 t·ha–1 körüli szénahozamú, nitrogénnel és PK-vel jól ellátott talajok) elemmennyiségek a következőképpen alakultak: N 21–196 kg, K 39–188 kg, Ca 9–48 kg, Mg 4–22 kg, P 6–21 kg. – Az N×P és N×K kölcsönhatások kifejezettebbé váltak a 2. kaszálás idején. A P 0,18–0,55%, a NO3-N 86–1582 mg·kg–1, a Cu 4,7–7,4 mg·kg–1, a Mo 0,7–4,1 mg·kg–1 extrém értékeket jelzett az N×P kezelések függvényében. Az N×K kezelésekben a K 1,44–2,73%, a Mg 0,26–0,39%, a Na 71–2178 mg·kg–1, a Ba 4,1–9,6 mg·kg–1, a Cd 15–44 µg·kg–1 szélsőértékekkel volt jellemezhető. A Sr a 10–26 mg·kg–1 koncentrációtartományban módosult a P×K-ellátottság nyomán. Élettani, takarmányozástani szempontból az indukált kölcsönhatások nyomon követése elengedhetetlen, amennyiben olyan mérvű tápelemhiányok, illetve aránytalanságok jöhetnek létre, melyek anyagcserezavarokat okozhatnak a növényt fogyasztó állatban.

scholarly journals Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jančík ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
P. Kubelková ◽  
B. Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (<I>Dactylis glomerata</I> L.,<I>Phleum pratense</I> L., <I>Lolium perenne</I> L., <I>Festuca arundinacea</I> L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (<I>a</I> = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, <I>b</I> = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, <I>c</I> = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and ED<sub>DM</sub> = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.05 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.08 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>) h<sup>–1</sup>). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of ED<sub>DM</sub> were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of ED<sub>DM</sub> were determined for <I>Lolium perenne</I> (ED<sub>DM2</sub> = 753.2, ED<sub>DM5</sub> = 631.1 and ED<sub>DM8</sub> = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (<I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values of 0.757 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.863 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.906 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave <I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for ED<sub>DM2</sub>, ED<sub>DM5</sub> and ED<sub>DM8</sub>, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant <I>P</I> < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

scholarly journals A comparison of six grasses for animal production

1992 ◽  
pp. 147-150
Author(s):  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
G.S. Baxter ◽  
M.J. Casey ◽  
K.B. Miller ◽  
R.J. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Prairie Grass

Farmers are aware of the increasing amount of information comparing alternative cultivars in dry environments in New Zealand. Animal production data in cool moist environments was unknown. To compare relative animal performance six different grasses were sown with Grasslands Tahora white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in 0.25 ha plots in two replicates in December 1988 at the Gore Research Centre in Southland. The six grasses were Grasslands Nui perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Grasslands Roa tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L)., Grasslands Kara cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L). Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Ku&), Grasslands Hakari upland bmme (Bromus sitchensis), and Grasslands Kahu timothy (Phleum pratense L). These pastures were rotationally grazed with goats through spring and summer of the following two years; 2-weekly liveweight gain of 10 goats was recorded. Stocking rate was estimated from the addition of extra goats each week to achieve a residual pasture height of 100 mm. Spring liveweight gains (mid Sept-late Nov) were greatest on timothy and least on prairie grass. Stocking rate in spring was highest on the upland brome and tall fescue pastures and lowest for prairie grass and timothy pastures. Prairie grass pastures produced less total liveweight gain per ha than the other pastures. During summer, goat liveweight gains were ranked similarly to spring. Stocking rates were greatest on upland brome, and lowest on tall fescue. Total liveweight gain per ha in summer was greatest on the timothy pastures and least on prairie grass pastures. Keywords Bromus sitchensis, Bromus willdenowii, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, goats, Lolium perenne. liveweight gain, Phleum pratense, stocking rate, Trifolium repens

Physical strength and its relation to leaf anatomical characteristics of nine forage grasses

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Min Zhang ◽  
Akio Hongo ◽  
Masahiro Akimoto
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Physical Strength

Nine species of forage grasses (five C3 species and four C4 species) were planted in a controlled-environment glasshouse. The C3 plants were Festuca arundinacea Schreb, Dactylis glomerata L., Phleum pratense L., Lolium perennel L. and Poa pratensis L.; the C4 plants were Chloris gayana Kunch., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Paspalum dilatatum Poir. and Sorghum halenpense (L.) Pers. The number of major vascular bundles and minor vascular bundles, cross-sectional area, the area and proportion of sclerenchyma in a cross-section, thickness of leaf blade, and tensile and shear strength were investigated in order to determine the relationship between physical strength and anatomical characteristics. Physical strength and anatomical characteristics of leaf blades showed significant (P < 0.01) variation between species. Significant correlations were detected between tensile strength and cross-sectional area in forage grasses except Festuca arundinacea. Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, Chloris gayana and Sorghum halenpense showed significant correlations of tensile strength with the number of major vascular bundles. Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perennel showed significant correlations of shear strength with cross-sectional area. Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata and Paspalum dilatatum showed significant correlations of shear strength with the number of major vascular bundles. The proportion of sclerenchyma in a cross-section showed poor correlations with tensile and shear strength. Thickness of leaf blade showed poor correlations with tensile and shear strength except in Dactylis glomerata. Physical strength and anatomical characteristics of leaf blades of the C3 group differed significantly (P < 0.01) when compared with the C4 group except for cross-sectional area. Tensile and shear strength showed significant correlations with cross-sectional area, sclerenchyma area and the number of vascular bundles when all nine species were treated as one group.

Effects of fertilizer salt concentration on viability of seed and Rhizobium used for hydroseeding

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 701-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Carr ◽  
T. M. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
Fertilizer Solution

For testing salt effects on seed and Rhizobium, 10–30–10 fertilizer and KCl solutions were used; the solutions had an osmotic potential of − 2.5 MPa, equivalent to 90 kg of the fertilizer per cubic metre of water. Solution contact for 1 h slightly affected the viability of Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard but the effects were not of practical significance. Reduced viability was exhibited by Festuca arundinacea Schreb., F. rubra L. var. commutata Gaud., and Trifolium repens L. seed which had been rinsed after 1 h of fertilizer solution contact. Agrostis alba L., Dactylis glomerata L., F. rubra L., Lolium perenne L., L. multiflorum L., Phleum pratense L., T. hybridum L., and T. pratense L. were not significantly affected. In tests of seed unrinsed after solution contact for 1 h, viability of F. rubra, F. arundinacea, and T. repens was significantly reduced; that of L. multiflorum was not. Trifolium repens was more affected than in the test of rinsed seed.As T. repens viability was reduced as much as 30%, seed of this species might be applied separately from hydroseeder slurries having high fertilizer concentrations. Significant effects on other species tested are too small to influence hydroseeding methods, but amount and proportion of the seed mix may be altered where high fertilizer concentrations are used.

EVALUATION OF TWENTY GRASS POPULATIONS AS IRRIGATED HAY CROPS FOR SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
N Content ◽  
P Content

Twenty grass populations were evaluated for dry matter yield, N content, P content, organic matter content, organic matter digestibility and winterhardiness. Of these populations, Agropyron intermedium was most suitable for a hay crop on a well-drained irrigated soil. Agropyron trichophorum, Bromus inermis, and Phalaris arundinacea were lower-yielding alternatives that had a satisfactory N content and good digestibility. Elymus angustus shows promise as an irrigated hay crop and should be evaluated further. The usefulness of the following populations was limited by one or more of these factors: low yield (Y), low N content (N), low digestibility (D) and lack of winterhardiness (W): Dactylis glomerata ’Kay’ (Y,N,D), Dactylis glomerata ’Chinook’ (Y,N,W), Elymus sibiricus (Y), Festuca arundinacea ’Kenmont’ (Y,N,W), Festuca elatior ’Trader’ (Y,N), Phleum pratense (Y,N,D), Poa ampla ’Sherman’ (N,D), Poa bulbosa cv. P4874 (Y,N,D), and Poa pratensis (Y,N,D).

Leptosphaeria bicolor. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Leaf Scorch ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Infection Spread

Abstract A description is provided for Leptosphaeria bicolor. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Saccharum offcinarum (sugarcane). DISEASE: Leaf-scorch of sugarcane. Early visible symptoms are small red to dark brown spots with yellow haloes. With the progress of infection lesions enlarge, coalesce, turn reddish and become spindle shaped reaching 14 cm or more in length. Older lesions become straw coloured with a distinct reddish margin. In the advanced stages of infection pycnidia appear within the scorched areas of the leaf and in severe cases all parts of the leaf except the midrib become scorched. On long-standing canes the disease is more severe on older leaves than on young leaves. Leaf sheaths and stems are unaffected (Kaiser, Ndimande & Hawksworth, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya: Western province). TRANSMISSION: It is not clear how natural infection occurs and little is known about the factors which favour infection, spread of the disease and survival of the leaf-scorch fungus in the field. The severity of the scorch has been reported to increase during the dry season.

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