Animal Welfare and Controlled Atmosphere Stunning (CAS) of poultry using mixtures of carbon dioxide and oxygen

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Barton Gade ◽  
Karen Von Holleben ◽  
Martin Von Wenzlawowicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere

Commodity Heating Medium and Mexican Fruit Fly Mortality

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 533e-533
Author(s):  
Krista C. Shellie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Mexican Fruit Fly ◽  
Temperature Water ◽  
Heating Medium

The objective of this research was to investigate whether the medium used to transfer heat to a commodity influenced the mortality of Mexican fruit fly larvae. A similar 2-h heat dose was delivered to grapefruit via immersion in a variable temperature water bath or via exposure to a rapidly circulating gas. The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the grapefruit was analyzed at 30-min intervals and grapefruit center temperatures recorded every 60 s during heating. The mortality of larvae located inside grapefruit during heating in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water was significantly higher than that of larvae located inside grapefruit heated in air. The internal atmosphere of grapefruit heated in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water contained significantly higher levels of carbon dioxide and lower levels of oxygen than grapefruit heated in air. Larval mortality was compared after larvae were heated in media by rapidly circulating air or by an atmosphere containing 4 kPa of oxygen and 18 kPa of carbon dioxide to evaluate whether the altered atmosphere or a heat-induced fruit metabolite was responsible for enhanced mortality. The significantly higher mortality of larvae heated in media in the presence of an altered atmosphere suggested that the altered atmosphere enhanced larval mortality. Results from this research suggest that reducing oxygen and or increasing the level of carbon dioxide during heating can enhance mortality of the Mexican fruit fly and potentially reduce the heat dose required for quarantine security.

scholarly journals Controlled atmosphere GMAW welding of transportation vehicles and production machines parts made from 30MnB5 steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 03001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Ivanayskiy ◽  
Aleksei Ishkov ◽  
Aleksandr Ivanayskiy ◽  
Iakov Ochakovskii
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Shielding Gas ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Metal Composition ◽  
Gmaw Welding ◽  
Welding Materials

The paper studies the influence of shielding gas on the composition and the structure of weld joint metal of 30MnB5 steel applied in essential parts of automobiles and tractors. The welding was performed in inert, oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. It was established that TIG welding with argon used as shielding gas did not provide the required mechanical properties when using conventional welding materials. Carbon dioxide during MAG welding caused partial burning of alloying elements. Carbon monoxide used as shielding gas was proved to form reducing atmosphere enabling to obtain chemical composition close to the base metal composition. Metallographic examinations were carried out. The obtained results provided full-strength weld, as well as the required reliability and durability of welded components and joints.

Studies on the application of bio-carbon dioxide as controlled atmosphere on pest management in wheat grain storage

2022 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 101911
Author(s):  
Himanshu Kumar ◽  
Virendra K. Vijay ◽  
Paruchuri M.V. Subbarao ◽  
Ram Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Wheat Grain

Paper 12: The Development of an Apparatus to Measure the Normal Emissivity of Small Plane Samples in a Controlled Atmosphere

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (8) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Furber ◽  
R. Broderick
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fuel Element ◽  
Geometrical Factor ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Effective Emissivity ◽  
General Application ◽  
Safety Assessments ◽  
Fuel Elements ◽  
Normal Emissivity

The heat transfer from fuel elements in magnox reactors under all normal conditions is predominantly by forced convection. However, in safety assessments a burst in a bottom main coolant duct is postulated, a reversal of the carbon dioxide coolant flow takes place, and heat transfer from the fuel elements at this instant could be by radiation only. The effective emissivity of the fuel element or the normal emissivity of plane specimens of fuel element material and a geometrical factor are therefore required to enable the maximum fuel element temperature to be determined. The paper is mainly concerned with the development and calibration of an apparatus suitable for measuring the normal emissivity of small plane samples at temperatures up to 650°C. Though the design of the apparatus has been influenced by the special requirements involved in testing magnox specimens, the apparatus has a general application and the normal emissivities of other materials are also given.

Effect of maturity, carbon dioxide and storage duration on controlled atmosphere stored Jonathan apples

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Little ◽  
ID Peggie ◽  
HJ Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Flesh Browning ◽  
And Storage

Jonathan apples stored at 0�C in an atmosphere of 0 per cent CO2 and 2.5 per cent O2were softer, more yellow and more susceptible to breakdown and superficial scald but less susceptible to flesh browning than where CO2 was 3 per cent. Increasing the CO2 from 3 to 6 per cent did not greatly affect fruit firmness or yellow colouring but did increase susceptibility to flesh browning and breakdown. Air stored fruit were more susceptible to superficial scald and breakdown but did not develop flesh browning. Flesh browning and breakdown decreased as picks were made earlier, but the effectiveness of maturity as a control measure was limited by loss of flavour where harvesting was too early.

Patulin Production in Apples Stored in a Controlled Atmosphere

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lovett ◽  
Ruben G Thompson ◽  
Brenda K Boutin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Apple Tissue ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Abstract Red Delicious apples were inoculated with Penicillium expansum NRRL 973 or P. expansutn 1071 (fresh apple isolate), and incubated in air at 33°F and in a controlled atmosphere of 1% carbon dioxide, 3% oxygen, and 96% nitrogen at 33°F. Both fungal strains produced the carcinogen, patulin, in the air-incubated lots, but only the freshly isolated strain (1071) produced detectable patulin in controlled atmosphere lots. Thin layer chromatography was used to assay ethyl acetate extracts of juice pressed from blended apple tissue. We conclude that naturally occurring P. expansum strains are capable of producing significant levels of patulin in apples stored from 3 to 6 months under controlled atmospheric conditions.

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