An Idiographic Examination of Day-to-Day Patterns of Substance Use Craving, Negative Affect, and Tobacco Use Among Young Adults in Recovery

Abstract Introduction Smoking rates are higher among Indigenous populations in most high-income countries with initiation primarily occurring in adolescence for all population groups. This review aims to identify protective and risk factors for smoking behavior among Indigenous adolescents and young adults. Aims and Methods We searched Medline, Embase, and Psychinfo for all original research published between January 2006 and December 2016 that reported influences on smoking for Indigenous adolescents or young adults aged 10–24 living in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States (US). Extracted data were coded to individual, social, and environmental level categories using a modified Theory of Triadic Influence framework. Results A total of 55 studies were included, 41 were descriptive quantitative and 14 qualitative, and 26 included Indigenous participants only. The majority were from the US (32). Frequently reported influences were at the individual and social levels such as increasing age; attitudes and knowledge; substance use; peer and family relationships; smoking norms; mental health; physical activity. At the environmental level, smoke-free spaces; second-hand smoke exposure; high community level prevalence; and social marketing campaigns were also frequently reported. Some studies referenced price, access, and traditional tobacco use. Few reported historical and cultural factors. Conclusions Young Indigenous people experience similar influences to other populations such as smoking among family and friends. Greater youth smoking is related to broader community level prevalence, but few studies explore the distal or historical contributing factors such as traditional tobacco use, colonization, experiences of intergenerational trauma and discrimination, or the role of cultural connection. Implications This review identified a range of factors that influence Indigenous youth smoking and contributes to an understanding of what prevention measures may be effective. Youth tobacco use occurs alongside other substance use and may also serve as an indicator of mental health. Comprehensive community-based programs that work more broadly to address the risk factors related to tobacco, including improving youth mental health, will be important for other behaviors as well. This research highlights the importance of social influence and need for ongoing denormalization of smoking. Future Indigenous led and community owned research is needed to identify likely protective cultural factors.

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Racial (vs. self) affirmation as a protective mechanism against the effects of racial exclusion on negative affect and substance use vulnerability among black young adults

Journal of Behavioral Medicine ◽

10.1007/s10865-017-9882-7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 195-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michelle L. Stock ◽

Frederick X. Gibbons ◽

Janine B. Beekman ◽

Kipling D. Williams ◽

Laura S. Richman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Young Adults ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Protective Mechanism ◽

Racial Exclusion

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The Many Faces of Stress: Three Factors that Predict Physical Illness in Young Adults

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294120936195 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003329412093619

Author(s):

Rebecca Barron ◽

Jonathan S. Gore

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Young Adults ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Physical Illness ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Online Surveys ◽

Health Related ◽

Additional Interaction ◽

The Many

Three studies examined how various forms of stress uniquely contribute to physical illness. We compared negative affect and perceived stress in Study 1, neuroticism and perceived stress in Study 2, and negative affect, neuroticism, and perceived stress in Study 3. We also controlled for health-related covariates (i.e., exercise, nutrition, substance use, and BMI). In all three studies ( ns = 271, 577, and 300), participants completed online surveys for course credit. The results of Study 1 demonstrated that both negative affect and perceived stress predicted physical illness. In Study 2, neuroticism and perceived stress each predicted illness symptoms, and an additional interaction between neuroticism and perceived stress, were found. In Study 3, where all three stress factors were included, only negative affect predicted illness symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that negative affect uniquely explains most of the variance in physical illness symptoms while controlling for other forms of stress.

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Correlates of Awareness and Use of Heated Tobacco Products in a Sample of US Young Adults in 2018–2019

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 2178-2187 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Michael S Dunbar ◽

Rachana Seelam ◽

Joan S Tucker ◽

Anthony Rodriguez ◽

Regina A Shih ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Young Adults ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Reference Group ◽

Marijuana Use ◽

The United States ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Related Factors ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Cigarette Dependence

Abstract Introduction Tobacco companies have devoted increased resources in recent years to developing and marketing heated tobacco products (HTPs) as alternatives to combustible products like cigarettes. However, little is known about correlates of awareness and use of these products in American young adults. Methods Two thousand four hundred ninety-seven young adults (mean age = 21.6) completed survey items on HTP awareness and lifetime use in 2018–2019. Logistic regression models compared young adults who were (1) unaware of HTPs (reference group) with those who were, (2) aware of HTPs, and (3) had ever used HTPs on demographic, tobacco, and other substance use characteristics. Among current smokers, these groups were compared on cigarette use, dependence, and readiness to quit. Results Approximately 12% of respondents (n = 293) were aware of HTPs, and 5% (n = 134) reported lifetime HTP use. Controlling for demographics, HTP awareness and use were both associated with greater use of all types of tobacco products, number of different tobacco products, and use of marijuana and other drugs. Among current smokers, HTP awareness and use correlated with heavier cigarette consumption, greater dependence, and past-month marijuana use, but not with recent quit attempts or thinking about quitting cigarettes. Conclusions Awareness and use of HTPs among young adults were associated with greater use of tobacco products and other substances and, among current smokers, with greater cigarette dependence (but not cessation-related factors). As these products become increasingly available in the United States, additional surveillance and monitoring activities are needed to better understand use patterns, consequences, and reasons for using HTPs. Implications Few studies have examined factors associated with awareness and use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) among US young adults. HTP awareness and lifetime use correlated with a range of factors, including male gender, white race/ethnicity, and tobacco and other substance use. Lifetime use of HTPs was low (5%); most lifetime HTP users reported history of other tobacco use, but a sizeable minority (14%) reported no other tobacco product use history. Among current cigarette smokers, cigarette dependence, poly-tobacco use, and marijuana use—but not cigarette cessation attempts or contemplation—were associated with greater likelihood of awareness and use of HTPs.

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