The effect of elevating the heels on spinal kinematics and kinetics during the back squat in trained and novice weight trainers

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008
Author(s):  
Mark G. L. Sayers ◽  
Caroline Bachem ◽  
Pascal Schütz ◽  
William R. Taylor ◽  
Renate List ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Back Squat ◽  
Spinal Kinematics ◽  
Weight Trainers ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Footwear and Elevated Heel Influence On Barbell Back Squat: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Michael Pangan ◽  
Matthew J Leineweber
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics ◽  
Full Body

Abstract The back squat is one of the most effective exercises in strengthening the muscles of the lower extremity. Understanding the impact of footwear has on the biomechanics is imperative for maximizing the exercise training potential, preventing injury, and rehabilitating from injury. This review focuses on how different types of footwear affect the full-body kinematics, joint loads, muscle activity, and ground reaction forces in athletes of varying experience performing the weighted back squat. The literature search was conducted using three databases, and fourteen full-text articles were ultimately included in the review. The majority of these studies demonstrated that the choice of footwear directly impacts kinematics and kinetics. Weightlifting shoes were shown to decrease trunk lean and generate more plantarflexion relative to running shoes and barefoot lifting. Elevating the heel through the use of external squat wedges is popular clinical exercise during rehabilitation and was shown to provide similar effects to WLS. Additional research with a broader array of populations, particularly novice and female weightlifters, should be conducted to generalize the research results to non-athlete populations. Further work is also needed to characterize the specific effects of sole stiffness and heel elevation height on squatting mechanics.

Investigating the effects of slipping on lumbar muscle activity, kinematics, and kinetics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Rashedi ◽  
Bochen Jia ◽  
Maury A. Nussbaum ◽  
Thurmon E. Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Lumbar Muscle ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Investigating the effects of slipping on lumbar muscle activity, kinematics, and kinetics

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1201-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Rashedi ◽  
Bochen Jia ◽  
Maury A. Nussbaum ◽  
Thurmon E. Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Lumbar Muscle ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

scholarly journals Eccentric Force-Velocity Characteristics during a Novel Squat Protocol in Trained Rugby Union Athletes—Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Conor McNeill ◽  
C. Martyn Beaven ◽  
Daniel T. McMaster ◽  
Nicholas Gill
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Change In Mean

Eccentric strength characteristics have been shown to be important factors in physical performance. Many eccentric tests have been performed in isolation or with supramaximal loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between- session reliability of an incremental eccentric back squat protocol. Force plates and a linear position transducer captured force-time-displacement data across six loading conditions, separated by at least seven days. The reliability of eccentric specific measurements was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), change in mean, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Eccentric peak force demonstrated good ICC (≥0.82) and TE (≤7.3%) for each load. Variables based on mean data were generally less reliable (e.g., mean rate of force development, mean force, mean velocity). This novel protocol meets acceptable levels of reliability for different eccentric-specific measurements although the extent to which these variables affect dynamic performance requires further research.

scholarly journals Kinematics and kinetics of the bench-press and bench-pull exercises in a strength-trained sporting population

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon N. Pearson ◽  
John B. Cronin ◽  
Patria A. Hume ◽  
David Slyfield
Keyword(s):  
Bench Press ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

scholarly journals Prediction of One Repetition Maximum Using Reference Minimum Velocity Threshold Values in Young and Middle-Aged Resistance-Trained Males

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
John F. T. Fernandes ◽  
Amelia F. Dingley ◽  
Amador Garcia-Ramos ◽  
Alejandro Perez-Castilla ◽  
James J. Tufano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bench Press ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Velocity Threshold ◽  
Low Load ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Minimum Velocity

Background: This study determined the accuracy of different velocity-based methods when predicting one-repetition maximum (1RM) in young and middle-aged resistance-trained males. Methods: Two days after maximal strength testing, 20 young (age 21.0 ± 1.6 years) and 20 middle-aged (age 42.6 ± 6.7 years) resistance-trained males completed three repetitions of bench press, back squat, and bent-over-row at loads corresponding to 20–80% 1RM. Using reference minimum velocity threshold (MVT) values, the 1RM was estimated from the load-velocity relationships through multiple (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% 1RM), two-point (20 and 80% 1RM), high-load (60 and 80% 1RM) and low-load (20 and 40% 1RM) methods for each group. Results: Despite most prediction methods demonstrating acceptable correlations (r = 0.55 to 0.96), the absolute errors for young and middle-aged groups were generally moderate to high for bench press (absolute errors = 8.2 to 14.2% and 8.6 to 20.4%, respectively) and bent-over-row (absolute error = 14.9 to 19.9% and 8.6 to 18.2%, respectively). For squats, the absolute errors were lower in the young group (5.7 to 13.4%) than the middle-aged group (13.2 to 17.0%) but still unacceptable. Conclusion: These findings suggest that reference MVTs cannot accurately predict the 1RM in these populations. Therefore, practitioners need to directly assess 1RM.

Analysis of the Relationships between Balance Ability and Walking in Terms of Muscle Activities and Lower Limb Kinematics and Kinetics

Biomechanics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-201
Author(s):  
Pathmanathan Cinthuja ◽  
Graham Arnold ◽  
Rami J. Abboud ◽  
Weijie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Vastus Medialis ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Balance Ability ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

There is a lack of evidence about the ways in which balance ability influences the kinematic and kinetic parameters and muscle activities during gait among healthy individuals. The hypothesis is that balance ability would be associated with the lower limb kinematics, kinetics and muscle activities during gait. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers (Age 32.8 ± 9.1; 18 males and 11 females) performed a Star Excursion Balance test to measure their dynamic balance and walked for at least three trials in order to obtain a good quality of data. A Vicon® 3D motion capture system and AMTI® force plates were used for the collection of the movement data. The selected muscle activities were recorded using Delsys® Electromyography (EMG). The EMG activities were compared using the maximum values and root mean squared (RMS) values within the participants. The joint angle, moment, force and power were calculated using a Vicon Plug-in-Gait model. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 23. In the muscle activities, positive linear correlations were found between the walking and balance test in all muscles, e.g., in the multifidus (RMS) (r = 0.800 p < 0.0001), vastus lateralis (RMS) (r = 0.639, p < 0.0001) and tibialis anterior (RMS) (r = 0.539, p < 0.0001). The regression analysis models showed that there was a strong association between balance ability (i.e., reaching distance) and the lower limb muscle activities (i.e., vastus medialis–RMS) (R = 0.885, p < 0.0001), and also between balance ability (i.e., reaching distance) and the lower limb kinematics and kinetics during gait (R = 0.906, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results showed that vastus medialis (RMS) muscle activity mainly contributes to balance ability, and that balance ability influences the lower limb kinetics and kinematics during gait.

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