Competing risks proportional-hazards cure model and generalized extreme value regression: an application to bank failures and acquisitions in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
A. Beretta ◽  
C. Heuchenne ◽  
M. Restaino
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Competing Risks ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Bank Failures ◽  
Generalized Extreme Value ◽  
Cure Model

The Impeccable System

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Bank Failures ◽  
Federal Reserve System ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
System P ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reserve System

This chapter examines the impact of the Federal Reserve System on money and banking in the United States. The Federal Reserve System was created in 1913 by virtue of the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress and signed by President Woodrow Wilson. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) provided not for one but for as many as twelve central banks. It was conceived as an answer to the great panics, but in this respect the System was notably defective. Nor was the System better as an antidote for an alarming epidemic of bank failures. Furthermore, the most severe inflation ever in peacetime occurred under its watch. The chapter considers the successes and failures of the Federal Reserve System and looks at another body established to study the management of money in the United States: the National Monetary Commission.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Variations in Mortality Rates for Patients Undergoing Maintenance Dialysis Treated in US Territories Compared with the US 50 States

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofen Yan ◽  
Jenny I. Shen ◽  
Rubette Harford ◽  
Wei Yu ◽  
Robert Nee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Maintenance Dialysis ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background and objectivesIn the United States mortality rates for patients treated with dialysis differ by racial and/or ethnic (racial/ethnic) group. Mortality outcomes for patients undergoing maintenance dialysis in the United States territories may differ from patients in the United States 50 states.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThis retrospective cohort study of using US Renal Data System data included 1,547,438 adults with no prior transplantation and first dialysis treatment between April 1, 1995 and September 28, 2012. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of death for the territories versus 50 states for each racial/ethnic group using the whole cohort and covariate-matched samples. Covariates included demographics, year of dialysis initiation, cause of kidney failure, comorbid conditions, dialysis modality, and many others.ResultsOf 22,828 patients treated in the territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands), 321 were white, 666 were black, 20,299 were Hispanic, and 1542 were Asian. Of 1,524,610 patients in the 50 states, 838,736 were white, 444,066 were black, 182,994 were Hispanic, and 58,814 were Asian. The crude mortality rate (deaths per 100 patient-years) was lower for whites in the territories than the 50 states (14 and 29, respectively), similar for blacks (18 and 17, respectively), higher for Hispanics (27 and 16, respectively), and higher for Asians (22 and 15). In matched analyses, greater risks of death remained for Hispanics (HR, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.60 to 1.70; P<0.001) and Asians (HR, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.78 to 2.27; P<0.001) living in the territories versus their matched 50 states counterparts. There were no significant differences in mortality among white or black patients in the territories versus the 50 states.ConclusionsMortality rates for patients undergoing dialysis in the United States territories differ substantially by race/ethnicity compared with the 50 states. After matched analyses for comparable age and risk factors, mortality risk no longer differed for whites or blacks, but remained much greater for territory-dwelling Hispanics and Asians.

scholarly journals Evaluation of NASA’s MERRA Precipitation Product in Reproducing the Observed Trend and Distribution of Extreme Precipitation Events in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 693-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Ashouri ◽  
Soroosh Sorooshian ◽  
Kuo-Lin Hsu ◽  
Michael G. Bosilovich ◽  
Jaechoul Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Precipitation Product ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract This study evaluates the performance of NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) precipitation product in reproducing the trend and distribution of extreme precipitation events. Utilizing the extreme value theory, time-invariant and time-variant extreme value distributions are developed to model the trends and changes in the patterns of extreme precipitation events over the contiguous United States during 1979–2010. The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) U.S. Unified gridded observation data are used as the observational dataset. The CPC analysis shows that the eastern and western parts of the United States are experiencing positive and negative trends in annual maxima, respectively. The continental-scale patterns of change found in MERRA seem to reasonably mirror the observed patterns of change found in CPC. This is not previously expected, given the difficulty in constraining precipitation in reanalysis products. MERRA tends to overestimate the frequency at which the 99th percentile of precipitation is exceeded because this threshold tends to be lower in MERRA, making it easier to be exceeded. This feature is dominant during the summer months. MERRA tends to reproduce spatial patterns of the scale and location parameters of the generalized extreme value and generalized Pareto distributions. However, MERRA underestimates these parameters, particularly over the Gulf Coast states, leading to lower magnitudes in extreme precipitation events. Two issues in MERRA are identified: 1) MERRA shows a spurious negative trend in Nebraska and Kansas, which is most likely related to the changes in the satellite observing system over time that has apparently affected the water cycle in the central United States, and 2) the patterns of positive trend over the Gulf Coast states and along the East Coast seem to be correlated with the tropical cyclones in these regions. The analysis of the trends in the seasonal precipitation extremes indicates that the hurricane and winter seasons are contributing the most to these trend patterns in the southeastern United States. In addition, the increasing annual trend simulated by MERRA in the Gulf Coast region is due to an incorrect trend in winter precipitation extremes.

scholarly journals Incidence and Survival Changes in Patients with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma during 1984–2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Haiyu ◽  
Pei Xiaofeng ◽  
Mo Xiangqiong ◽  
Qiu Junlan ◽  
Zheng Xiaobin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Purpose. The morbidity of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has significantly increased in Western countries. We aimed to identify trends in incidence and survival in patients with EAC in the recent 30 years and then analyzed potential risk factors, including race, sex, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods. All data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results or SEER database. Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model were conducted to compare the differences in survival between variables, including sex, race, age, and SES, as well as to evaluate the association of these factors with prognosis. Results. A total of 16,474 patients with EAC were identified from 1984 to 2013 in the United States. Overall incidence increased every 10 years from 1.8 to 3.1 to 3.9 per 100. Overall survival gradually improved (p<0.0001), which was evident in male patients ((hazard ratio (HR) = 1.111; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.07, 1.15)); however, the 5-year survival rate remained low (20.1%). The Cox proportional hazards model identified old age, black ethnicity, and medium/high poverty as risk factors for EAC (HR = 1.018; 95% CI (1.017, 1.019; HR = 1.240, 95% CI (1.151,1.336), HR = 1.000, 95% CI (1.000, 1.000); respectively). Conclusions. The incidence of EAC in the United States increased over time. Survival advantage was observed in white patients and patients in the low-poverty group. Sex was an independent prognostic factor for EAC, but this finding has to be confirmed by further research.

scholarly journals Survival Analysis of COVID-19 on Democracy with Cox Proportional Hazards Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Deepika Dilip
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Survival Analysis ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Hazards Model

Abstract Background: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has struck us in many ways and we observed that China and South Korea found an effective measure to contain the virus. Conversely, the United States and the European countries are struggling to fight the virus. China is not considered a democracy and South Korea is less democratic than the United States. Therefore, we want to explore the association between the deaths of COVID-19 and democracy. Methods: We collected COVID-19 deaths data for each country from the Johns Hopkins University website and democracy indices of 2018 from the Economist Intelligence Unit website in May 2020. Then we conducted a survival analysis, regarding each country as a subject, with the Cox Proportional Hazards Model, adjusting for other selected variables. Result: The result showed that the association between democracy and deaths of COVID-19 was significant (P=0.04), adjusting for other covariates. Conclusion: In conclusion, less democratic governments performed better in containing the virus and controlling the number of deaths.

Significantly Higher Mortality Following Liver Transplantation Among Patients Aged 70 Years and Older

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mokshya Sharma ◽  
Aijaz Ahmed ◽  
Robert J. Wong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The age of liver transplantation recipients in the United States is steadily increasing. However, the impact of age on liver transplant outcomes has demonstrated contradictory results. Research Questions: We aim to evaluate the impact of age on survival following liver transplantation among US adults. Design: Using data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, we retrospectively evaluated all adults undergoing liver transplantation from 2002 to 2012 stratified by age (aged 70 years and older vs aged <70 years), presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatitis C virus status. Overall survival was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Compared to patients aged <70 years, those aged 70 years and older had significantly lower 5-year survival following transplantation among all groups analyzed (hepatocellular carcinoma: 59.9% vs 68.6%, P < .01; nonhepatocellular carcinoma: 61.2% vs 74.2%, P < .001; hepatitis C: 60.7% vs 69.0%, P < .01; nonhepatitis C: 62.6% vs 78.5%, P < .001). On multivariate regression, patients aged 70 years and older at time of transplantation was associated with significantly higher mortality compared to those aged <70 years (hazards ratio: 1.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-1.87; P < .001). Conclusion: The age at the time of liver transplantation has continued to increase in the United States. However, patients aged 70 years and older had significantly higher mortality following liver transplantation. These observations are especially important given the aging cohort of patients with chronic liver disease in the United States.

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