Religious tolerance and the Tatar population in the grand duchy of Lithuania: 16th to 18th century

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Borawski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

scholarly journals The Book of Psalms in the Church Slavonic Language from Norov´s Book Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Jelena Celunova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
State Library ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.

scholarly journals Slavonic Translations of the “Master of Rhodes Letter”

Scrinium ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Maria Korogodina ◽  
Aleksey Sergeev ◽  
Aleksey Sirenov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Abstract The “Master of Rhodes Letter”, which tells of the birth of the Antichrist, was one of the most popular eschatological writings in Europe in the 15th century. This pseudo-epistle was translated from Latin into Russian in the middle of the 15th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Feofil Dederkin, an informant for the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich. Previously only one letter from Dederkin to the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich was known: a translation from Latin describing the earthquakes in Italy in 1456. The “Master of Rhodes Letter” was translated a second time into Ukrainian from Latin in the 1630s, during a time when the Orthodox hierarchy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resisted the adoption of the Union of Brest. The third translation was made from English into Russian at beginning of the 18th century, and was believed by Metropolitan Job of Novgorod to be the work of Old Believers.

scholarly journals The Modernisation of the Court System in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Changes to the Organisation of the Local District Courts and Regulation of Judges’ Duties in 1764–1793

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Ramunė Šmigelskytė-Stukienė
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Court System ◽  
District Courts ◽  
Local District ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Made In

In the mid-18th century, with the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment, fundamental reforms of the state’s governance were introduced in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Part of the state’s modernisation concerned the reform of the court system, considered by 18th-century political theorists to be one of the composite branches of the state administration (alongside the treasury, the police and the army). During the reign of Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, the work of the courts of first instance underwent reform on several occasions in Poland and Lithuania: with the passing of laws in 1764, 1792 and 1793 on the structure and organisation of the activities of the castle and land courts, the existing court system was changed, as was the procedure for electing judges, also defining the scope of competency of the courts, regulating court activities and the duties of judges, introducing new requirements for the handling of court procedural documents, and the calculation of judges’ working hours. During the course of the introduction of these reforms, principles reflecting the administrative ideas of the Enlightenment were gradually entrenched in the court system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which concerned the election of judges and other court officials, the acceptance of collegial decisions, the elimination of the influence of any blood and marital ties, and the principles for remuneration, seeking to introduce stricter requirements for the qualification of judges. In this article, based on legislation on the organisation of court activities passed at the diets (Sejm) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and documents from the dietines (sejmiki) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the author seeks to analyse changes to the activities of the courts and the regulation of judges’ duties, and reforms made in the court chanceries between 1764 and 1793.

scholarly journals The Punishment of Murderers in the Noble Courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Half of the 18th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Adam Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article gives an analysis of the punishment the noble courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania applied to murderers in the second half of the 18th century, where the noble courts acted as courts of first instance in hearing murder cases. The author aims to determine the catalogue of punishments applied in such cases and the trends in the application of punishments in terms of how they conformed with the valid legal norms of the day, and search for manifestations of the humanisation of the law. After an examination of 184 verdicts, the author found that in cases of wilful murder, the noble courts usually applied the death penalty as per the set laws. Exceptions applied only to individuals from the estate of nobles, who instead of receiving a death sentence were sometimes sentenced to lower or upper tower punishment, which was by law ordinarily applied to other crimes. At the same time, the executors avoided qualified ways of applying the death sentence (capital punishment). Of the qualified forms of punishment, only quartering was applied, usually to those convicted of the aforementioned crime, ritual murder, and, in some instances, in cases of robbery. Alternative forms of punishment were episodic, and were only applied to a small number of convicted persons: imprisonment as a form of punishment recommended by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment was applied in only 5.3 per cent of murder cases. In most instances, imprisonment was related to the introduction of the 1782 Cardinal Laws of the Permanent Council. In this way, the research reveals the conservative nature of the estate of nobles in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and their efforts to continue to adhere to the strict law outlined in the Third Statute of Lithuania. It is likely that this practice could have been a result of the poor state of the penitentiary system, as there was not a single public prison in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the time where long-term imprisonment could have been possible.

scholarly journals Proposals of the Pinsk District Nobleman Teodor Rodziewicz Regarding the Improvement of the Activities of the Nobility Courts in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Late 18th Century)

Teisė ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Adam Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
General Election ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article analyzes the project for the improvement of the activities of the nobility (land, castle, border, arbitral tribunal and the Supreme Tribunal of Lithuania) courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by Teodor Rodziewicz, a nobleman of the Pinsk district, having the title of cup-bearer. The aim is to reveal the main reasons for the flawed activities of the nobility courts, as singled out by the author of the manuscript, and to discuss his suggestions, which were aimed at remedying this situation. The most important postulates of the judicial reform proposed by T. Rodziewicz were the following: general election of judges, introduction of the fixed terms of office for judges, extension of the areas of responsibility of judges, and collegial examination of cases. Some of these principles were implemented in the Four-Year Sejm.

scholarly journals Visuality in funeral solemnities of the Radvila (Radziwiłł) family in the 18th century

Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aistė Paliušytė
Keyword(s):  
Visual Rhetoric ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Cultural Image ◽  
Dynamic Observation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
General Scope ◽  
Grand Duchy

The research is focused on the funeral solemnities of the Radvila (Radziwiłł) family, including those to which no proper attention has been paid so far in historiography. Attempts are made to reconstruct and evaluate the visuality of the Radvila’s funeral and compare it to the tradition of other nobility solemnities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The scenery of the Radvila solemnities changed according to the course and spatial context of the rituals. The most of attention was paid to arrangement of a solemn view in Nesvizh and its approaches. Emblems and other images were applied mostly in church interiors and catafalques. Heraldic motives, insignia were extensively applied, metaphoric and metonymic motives were integrated. Catafalque compositions resounded the virtues of the deceased, expressed their eminent background and status. After studying the cases of funeral solemnities of the Radvila family, it can be stated that elements of military visualization were more important than it had been witnessed by earlier research. Such often applied military requisites expressed a connection to the nobility ethos of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a cultural image of a nobleman-warrior. The importance of the family memory motives in the funeral décor was also noticed. Although images related to a deceased person were used in the décor of solemnity, the general scope of the motives and their application principles reiterated and were in line with the visual rhetoric tradition of funerals in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Although a lot of attention was paid to listing of the décor motives in funeral descriptions, not only their recognisability was considered important. The funeral rhetoric foresaw some visual experience for the viewer, which changed continuously while conducting funeral rituals. The authors of solemnity descriptions noticed and sometimes commented on effects of illumination, shapes and their spatial relations. Dynamic observation, change of a viewer’s position, focused viewing of separate details and the so-called saccadic viewing were foreseen for solemn events. In summary, it can be stated that the research of the Radvila family solemnities revealed the suggestibility of the Baroque culture that was based on a viewer’s visual experience.

scholarly journals The Old Believers and Society in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: Religious Tolerance and its Causes

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Grigorijus Potašenko
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Social Oppression ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Grand Duchy

The appearance of an organized Fedoseevian community in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the eighteenth century was a result of the massive migration of the Old Believers (Old Ritualists), closely related to the resettlement and disturbances of the peasants and out-oftown settlers (posadskie liudi) in Russia. It was the first wave of an extensive emigration from Russia into the Baltic countries, and in particular into Lithuania. Its aftermath was the rise of the Pomorian communities (пморские общества) of the Old Believers. In the late eighteenth century there were between 100,000 and 180,000 Old Believers (about 1.1 to 2 per cent of the total population of the 8.79 million citizens of the Republic of Poland-Lithuania). The main motives behind this emigration of the Russians in the eighteenth century were the following: (1) religious persecution of the Old Believers and the social oppression of the peasants and posadskie liudi in Russia; (2) freedom of religion for the Old Believers and more favourable social and economic conditions in Poland and Lithuania; and (3) intense eschatological feelings and impulsiveness, urging the Old Believers to avoid society and the state, in their belief dominated by the spiritual Antichrist. This article is devoted to the issue of religious toleration in respect to the Old Believers in the GDL and its reasons. Religious tolerance as a factor conditioning the emigration and formation of a united Fedoseevian community in Lithuania has not yet been properly researched.

scholarly journals On organ building in Lithuania in the Baroque period: instrument and facade

Menotyra ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantas Gučas
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Organ Building ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
German Origin ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Organ Builders ◽  
Grand Duchy

In the beginning, the term “organ building” is clarified. One can find many sources which claim that the questions connected with the instrument and the organ case with the facade sometimes were solved separately. The majority of available sources say that this was the work of craftsmen of different specialties. Their relationships were rather strictly regulated by the system of workshop rules and privileges. Organ building in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was strongly connected with the neighbouring Prussia and Kurland. In the 18th century, the most important organ building centre of the lands on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea was Königsberg. The most influential masters worked there, and from there the most well-known organ builders of that time settled to work in Lithuania. In the 18th century’s Lithuania, the work of the Jesuits was very influential. A lot of young people became educated in the Vilnius Jesuit novitiate and academy. Craftsmanship was also taught there. At the Vilnius Jesuit novitiate there were many students of German origin who continued to work in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Prussia. The capenters trained in the novitiate of Vilnius later worked installing churches in the entire Grand Duchy. They also made organ cases. No names of Jesuit organ builders have survived. Transportation possibilities had a significant importance on the spreading of the pipe organ. Towns situated near water ways were at the convenient situation, they could acquire instruments from afar. There is no agreement about who was the author of organ facade – the organ builder or the carpenter with the carver who made the case. It seems likely that usual structures and templates prevailed and organ builders mainly created the instruments into the cases made by others. Small one-manual instruments were prevalent in Lithuania, their interiors as well as the specification were very similar to the organs of the same size in neighbouring countries. The Lithuanian style facade layout was usual in a wide area.

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