Participative integrated development planning praxis in local government: The case of selected South African municipalities

Background: Municipalities have a moral and legal obligation to involve communities in determining, prioritising and realising socio-economic development needs. To achieve this aim, municipalities should use integrated development planning, which implies a sequential, phased process. Municipalities should engage the local communities in each phase. For this purpose, and based on unique demographic realities, various means of participation should be used.Aim: The aim was to present and reflect on the results of a survey conducted in selected South African municipalities to ascertain the status of integrated development planning design and implementation in the sampled municipalities, with a particular reference to community participation praxis.Setting: Senior managers in 11 randomly sampled local, district and metropolitan municipalities. Participants included municipal managers as chief accounting officers, chief financial officers, executive directors and functional heads of department.Methods: A qualitative survey research design was followed utilising a desktop survey and semi-structured interviews as data collection methods. Input was obtained from senior managers (n = 52) in 11 randomly sampled local, district and metropolitan municipalities.Results: The survey revealed significant disparities between high capacity urban municipalities and deep rural low-capacity municipalities regarding the effectiveness of community participation mechanisms and development planning engagement.Conclusion: Integrated development planning is crucial to address the diverse and complex nature of development challenges experienced by most of the South African population. The IDPs of municipalities are critical instruments to guide municipalities in determining and addressing targeted needs in urban and rural communities. Recommendations are proposed to address the planning participation deficit.

Reporting and Surveillance Systems

Routine health information and surveillance systems collect and report information from the peripheral health facilities to the local district headquarters. Data are collected and recorded when people visit health facilities and later analysed and communicated to the Ministry of Health and other organizations. Data can also be collected using qualitative methods and surveys. District staff should know how to analyse and produce reliable local information. The Ministry of Health or national statistics bureau is usually responsible for collating this information for the whole country. A check list for reporting local health information is included.

860 Distal Radius Fracture Management in A DGH Do the Guidelines Fit?

Aim Distal radial fractures are common injuries within adults at a variety of ages. The best treatment option remains a debated subject. The BOAST guidelines aim to guide the initial management of these fractures in the emergency department we audited against these guidelines in a local district general hospital. Method A retrospective audit was performed of adult patients with distal radius fractures who attended in December 2019, at a local district General Hospital. Patients were identified by using the Orthopaedic Take lists. Notes were reviewed for patient demographics, quality of documentation of neurovascular status, documentation of fracture information, including further management. Results There were 16 cases identified, 87.5% were female with mean age of 63 with over 56 % in the over 65s category. Only 19% of cases had appropriately documented neurovascular status. 57% were lacking specific documentation of each nerve as per BOAST guidelines, as well as 57% had no documentation of radial pulse. With regards to reductions undertaken in ED only 44% were documented if reduction took place. Of the reductions that were documented 66% documented type of analgesia used. 17% used regional anaesthesia as preferred in BOAST guidelines. Conclusions Overall compliance with BOAST guidelines was poor. Several areas to improve were seen, for which the recent launch of a new in-house smartphone application is aimed to improve access to BOAST guidelines. There was great difficulty in achieving the BOAST guidance with regards to the use of regional anaesthesia, nationally most A&E departments reduce these fractures under a haematoma block.

Correction to: Addressing key gaps in implementation of mosquito larviciding to accelerate malaria vector control in southern Tanzania: results of a stakeholder engagement process in local district councils

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children aged 12–23 months at subnational level, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesNational immunisation coverage rate masks subnational immunisation coverage gaps at the state and local district levels. The objective of the current study was to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children at a sub-national level.DesignCross-sectional study using the WHO sampling method (2018 Reference Manual).SettingFifty randomly selected clusters (wards) in four districts (two urban and two rural) in Enugu state, Nigeria.Participants1254 mothers of children aged 12–23 months in July 2020.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFully immunised children and not fully immunised children.ResultsFull immunisation coverage (FIC) rate in Enugu state was 78.9% (95% CI 76.5% to 81.1%). However, stark difference exists in FIC rate in urban versus rural districts. Only 55.5% of children in rural communities are fully immunised compared with 94.5% in urban communities. Significant factors associated with incomplete immunisation are: children of single mothers (aOR=5.74, 95% CI 1.45 to 22.76), children delivered without skilled birth attendant present (aOR=1.93, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.99), children of mothers who did not receive postnatal care (aOR=6.53, 95% CI 4.17 to 10.22), children of mothers with poor knowledge of routine immunisation (aOR=1.76, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.87), dwelling in rural district (aOR=7.49, 95% CI 4.84 to 11.59), low-income families (aOR=1.56, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.81) and living further than 30 min from the nearest vaccination facility (aOR=2.15, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.52).ConclusionsAlthough the proportion of fully immunised children in Enugu state is low, it is significantly lower in rural districts. Study findings suggest the need for innovative solutions to improve geographical accessibility and reinforce the importance of reporting vaccination coverage at local district level to identify districts for more targeted interventions.

And the Heat Goes On: Police Repression and the Modalities of Power

Among security institutions, police occupy a unique position. In addition to specializing in the repression of dissent, police monitor society and enforce order. Yet within research studying state repression, how police institutions are used and deployed to control domestic threats remain under-explored, particularly as it relates to the dual functionality just described. In this study, we develop and test an explanation of police repression accounting for the bifurcation of Mann’s two modalities of state power: infrastructural power and despotic power. Infrastructural power allocates police resources to surveil dissidents and preemptively limit dissent’s emergence or escalation. Police deploy despotic power through repressive responses to political threats. Empirically, we employ unique data to investigate police repression and the modalities of power in Guatemala. To analyze how shifting the balance between infrastructural and despotic power affects police repression, we isolate damage occurring from an earthquake that exogenously reshaped the landscape of infrastructural power. Results affirm the role of infrastructural power in regulating the despotic power of the state. Where local infrastructure was most affected by the earthquake, the security apparatus lost the capacity to surveil nascent movements and predict their activity, thereby providing opportunity for dissidents to mobilize and forcing police to (over-)react rather than shutdown resistance preemptively. However, the intensity of state violence recedes as the state recovers from the infrastructural damage and regains its control of local district.

Perubahan Status Jenis Kelamin dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif di Indonesia

Sexual abnormalities are caused by abnormalities in a person's hormones. Transsexuals have the desire to change their sex by means of surgery, which can be done in accordance with applicable procedures. Until now, Indonesia does not have a legal regulation regarding changing the sex status of a transgender person who performs sex surgery, because there are no rules on changing gender status, it creates a vacuum of norms and causes people to still underestimate a transgender person. Change of gender status can be made by submitting the application to the District Court. This study aims to explain the procedure for sex change in Indonesia and the legality of sex change from a positive legal perspective in Indonesia. This research used normative research and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used were primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data obtained through documentation and recording techniques then analyzed systematically. The results showed that the change in gender status in Indonesia has several stages such as undergoing counseling, psychiatric examinations, andrology examinations, physical examinations, psychoreligious counseling, and others of an administrative nature. Not everyone can perform genital surgery, there are several conditions that must be met to get legality or legal certainty that a transgender person can file it in a local district court, this is done to get legal recognition.