On Retrieving Analogues When Solving Problems

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Keane

After criticism of the precision of previous experimental procedures for testing analogue retrieval, a new procedure that overcomes the proposed inadequacies is described. This procedure is then employed in two experiments that test aspects of the general hypothesis that base analogues that are semantically remote from a target problem (Duncker's radiation problem) are more difficult to retrieve than those that are semantically closer. Experiment 1 confirmed this hypothesis by finding that remote analogues are seldom retrieved relative to literal analogues. The results of Experiment 2 falsified the hypothesis that analogue retrieval is solely due to the recognition of an “identical element”. Finally, an ad hoc model of analogue retrieval is proposed based on Schank's dynamic memory theory, and its consistency with the evidence and more general implications are considered.

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-120
Author(s):  
Uliana Tatsakovych

The article investigates intertextuality and its translation in the context of frame semantics and R. Schank’s dynamic memory theory. The study provides an overview of linguistic and psychological theories examining the role of frames and visualisation in conceptualising reality and discusses their application to the understanding and translation of intertextuality. The theory of dynamic memory is used to explain the nature of textual and intertextual frames and build visual models of their mappings. Based on the analysis of 70 examples of the translation of intertextuality (quotations and allusions) from M. Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale and its Ukrainian translation, six translation techniques are identified. They are outlined on the basis of the transference of linguistic elements and the conceptual information activated by them (frame mappings, mental images). The examples are compared in terms of cognitive equivalence, which is also defined within the presented approach. The study generally adopts a broader view of intertextuality as a cognitive category and translation as a cognitive process to contribute to the development of cognitive poetics and cognitive translatology.


Author(s):  
Laura García-Raga ◽  
Rosa María Bo Bonet ◽  
Jasone Mondragón Lasagabaster

RESUMENActualmente está creciendo el interés por la mediación escolar como estrategia que permite afrontar los conflictos en el ámbito escolar y mejorar la convivencia. Pero si además nos centramos en el alumnado mediador, la experiencia supone un incremento de su liderazgo positivo, una mejora de sus competencias sociales y emocionales y se fomentan conductas altruistas en diferentes ámbitos. No obstante, son escasas las investigaciones orientadas a conocer el impacto de la mediación en las personas mediadoras. En este artículo presentamos un estudio dirigido a conocer la valoración de la mediación atendiendo a las opiniones del alumnado mediador de cinco centros educativos de secundaria de Valencia, cuatro de Castellón y cinco de Alicante. Como hipótesis general, planteamos que las valoraciones del alumnado mediador sobre los procesos de mediación serán muy positivas, si bien existirán diferencias significativas entre las tres provincias estudiadas. Para comprobarla, se ha recogido información de 223 estudiantes a través de un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc. Mediante un estudio descriptivo-inferencial destacamos como resultado el gran acuerdo que existe por parte del alumnado participante en valorar de forma muy positiva la mediación. Como aspectos mejorables, se detecta la necesidad de formación de todo el alumnado mediador, la valoración por parte del profesorado y la ampliación de sus funciones en otras actividades que mejoren la convivencia en el centro. Finalmente, se detecta que, en general, la satisfacción sobre la mediación es menor en Valencia y Alicante, si bien en las tres provincias se nos presenta como una oportunidad de aprendizaje.ABSTRACTThere is currently a growing level of interest in school mediation as a strategy to tackle school conflict and to improve living together. If we focus on peer mediators, the experience results in an increase in their positive leadership and an improvement of their social and emotional skills, while promoting altruism in different settings. However, there is little research on the impact mediation has on mediators. This article presents a study that aims to know the assessment of mediation by peer mediators from fourteen secondary schools (five in the province of Valencia, four in the province of Castellon and five in the province of Alicante). As a general hypothesis, we assume that this assessment by peer mediators will be highly positive, although there will be significant differences between the three provinces. To test our hypothesis we have compiled information on 223 students through an ad hoc questionnaire. A descriptive-inferential study shows the high level of agreement between the participating students rating mediation positively. Nevertheless, there is also room for improvement. It is necessary to train all peer mediators, to obtain the assessment of mediation from the faculty members, and to expand the role of mediation in other activities that can improve living together at school. Finally, satisfaction on mediation is overall lower in Valencia and Alicante, although in all three provinces this presents itself as an opportunity to learn.


Pflege ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Katharina Silies ◽  
Angelika Schley ◽  
Janna Sill ◽  
Steffen Fleischer ◽  
Martin Müller ◽  
...  

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die COVID-19-Pandemie ist eine Ausnahmesituation ohne Präzedenz und erforderte zahlreiche Ad-hoc-Anpassungen in den Strukturen und Prozessen der akutstationären Versorgung. Ziel: Ziel war es zu untersuchen, wie aus Sicht von Führungspersonen und Hygienefachkräften in der Pflege die stationäre Akutversorgung durch die Pandemiesituation beeinflusst wurde und welche Implikationen sich daraus für die Zukunft ergeben. Methoden: Qualitative Studie bestehend aus semistrukturierten Interviews mit fünf Verantwortlichen des leitenden Pflegemanagements und drei Hygienefachkräften in vier Krankenhäusern in Deutschland. Die Interviews wurden mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Befragten beschrieben den auf die prioritäre Versorgung von COVID-19-Fällen hin umstrukturierten Klinikalltag. Herausforderungen waren Unsicherheit und Angst bei den Mitarbeiter_innen, relative Ressourcenknappheit von Material und Personal und die schnelle Umsetzung neuer Anforderungen an die Versorgungleistung. Dem wurde durch gezielte Kommunikation und Information, massive Anstrengungen zur Sicherung der Ressourcen und koordinierte Steuerung aller Prozesse durch bereichsübergreifende, interprofessionelle Task Forces begegnet. Schlussfolgerungen: Die in der COVID-19-Pandemie vorgenommenen Anpassungen zeigen Entwicklungspotenziale für die zukünftige Routineversorgung auf, z. B. könnten neue Arbeits- und Skill Mix-Modelle aufgegriffen werden. Für die Konkretisierung praktischer Implikationen sind vertiefende Analysen der Daten mit zeitlichem Abstand erforderlich.


2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Kauffeld
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  

Zusammenfassung. Der FEO, der in Kooperation mit betrieblichen Praktikern entwickelt wurde, dient der Erfassung des Organisationsklimas. Er umfasst 82 Items und bildet 12 Skalen ab. Eine Stärke des FEO im Gegensatz zu ad hoc entwickelten Befragungsinstrumenten sind die Vergleichsdaten, die für Profit- und Non-Profit-Organisationen bereit gestellt werden. Kritisch diskutiert wird die theoretische Verortung, die Anwenderfreundlichkeit sowie der Nutzen der individuellen Auswertung. Die konsensuale, konvergente, diskriminante und kriterienbezogene Validierung steht aus.


1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document