Application of the steaming step during kiln drying of lumber of two tropical species with high growth stress presence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Roger Moya ◽  
Carolina Tenorio
Keyword(s):  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Kiln Drying

scholarly journals Nitrogen Removal from Domestic Wastewater and the Development of Tropical Ornamental Plants in Partially Saturated Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Nakase ◽  
Florentina Zurita ◽  
Graciela Nani ◽  
Guillermo Reyes ◽  
Gregorio Fernández-Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Partially Saturated ◽  
Zantedeschia Aethiopica

Vertical partially saturated (VPS) constructed wetlands (CWs) are a novel wastewater treatment system for which little information is known about its design parameters and performance under tropical climates. The objective of this study is to evaluate the nitrogen removal process from domestic wastewater and the production of tropical ornamental plants (Canna hybrids and Zantedeschia aethiopica) in VPS CWs at a mesocosms scale. Nine VPS CWs, with a free-flow zone of 16 cm and a saturated zone of 16 cm, were used as experimental units. Three units were planted with Canna hybrids., and three, with Zantedeschia aethiopica (one plant per unit); the remaining three units were established as controls without vegetation. They were fed with domestic wastewater intermittently and evaluated for the elimination of COD, N-NH4, N-NO3, Norg, NT, and PT. The results showed an increase in the removal for some pollutants in the vegetated systems, i.e., N-NH4 (35%), Norg (16%), TN (25%), and TP (47%) in comparison to the unvegetated systems. While N-NO3 removal showed better removal in 10% of the systems without vegetation, no significant differences were found (p > 0.05) for COD removal. The aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the VPS CWs favor the elimination of pollutants in the systems, and also the development of the tropical species evaluated in this study; good development was exhibited by a high growth rate and biomass production.

scholarly journals Laboratory test for grouping tropical species for kiln drying

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de Souza Mendes ◽  
W. T. Simpson ◽  
S. P. Verrill
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Kiln Drying

Growth Stress in CVD-WGex Films Deposited by Reduction of WF6 by GeH4

1993 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Leusink ◽  
T.G.M. Oosterlaken ◽  
G.C.A.M. Janssen ◽  
S. Radelaar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Growth Stresses

ABSTRACTGrowth stresses in thin metal films on a substrate are important for integrated circuit device fabrication and reliability. The development of growth stress in blanket CVD-WGex films deposited by GeH4 reduction of WF6 is studied by in situ wafer curvature measurements. Depending on process conditions, the growth stress varies from 600 MPa tensile in β-WGex films deposited at low temperatures (T < 400 °C) to 400 MPa compressive in α-WGex films deposited at high temperatures (T > 400 °C). At very low temperatures amorphous WGex films grow without significant stress. Development of tensile growth stress is favoured by low temperatures and high growth rates, whereas development of compressive growth stress is favoured by high temperatures and low growth rates. Although the material properties of CVD-WGex films depend on process conditions, the development of growth stress in these films shows a dependence on deposition temperature and growth rate which is similar to pure α-W films deposited by H2 reduction of WF6. The results will be discussed in view of a model which has recently been put forward to explain development of growth stress in polycrystalline metal films on a substrate.

REGULARITIES OF GROWTH AND FORMATION OF FOREST PLANTATIONS ON HUMUS-CARBONATE SOILS OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Dedenko
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Current State ◽  
Stress Coefficient

The problem of afforestation of zonal humus-calcareous soils with close occurrence of chalk rocks has been considered. The research results of reclamation plantations on zonal humus-carbonate soils (Voronezh region, Ostrogozhsky district, Korotoyaksky district forestry) are presented. The main taxation indicators of silver birch (Betula pendula), English oak (Quercus robur), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), such as average height and diameter, bonitet, density, preservation, stock, increase in stock, have been found. The characteristics of the current state and productivity of protective plantations are given. The course of growth and the state of Scots pine plantations on humus-carbonate soils depends on the depth of the chalk rocks. Less demanding tree species for soil and soil conditions, such as Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, have higher growth rates than more demanding species. It is possible to grow Pinus sylvestris plantations on humus-carbonate soils with a thickness of 40-50 cm - I bonitet; 30-40 cm - II bonitet; 15-20 cm - II - III bonitet. The influence of slabby chalk depth on the coefficient of growth stress is at least 90% of the total amount of influencing factors. With an increase in the thickness of the humus-carbonate layer from 15 - 20 cm to 40 - 50 cm, the growth stress coefficient decreases 2.4-2.5 times. It is not recommended to create plantations with 1.0 × 0.5 m planting points (15-20 thousand units/ha). Such plantations have a very high growth stress coefficient and are biologically weakened

Do tropical species invest more in anti-herbivore defence than temperate species? A test in Eucryphia (Cunoniaceae) in eastern Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Hallam ◽  
Jennifer Read
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Leaf Toughness ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Resource Availability Hypothesis ◽  
Eastern Australia

Tropical plants have been suggested to have higher levels of mechanical, chemical and biotic defences than temperate plants. However, comparisons have usually included deciduous species within the temperate group, which confounds the analysis since deciduous species are predicted to have a different strategy with respect to investment, nutrition and defence than evergreen species. In this study we examined levels of defence and nutrition in five evergreen species of Eucryphia occurring along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Australia, grown under common conditions in a glasshouse. From the resource-availability hypothesis we predicted the opposite gradient in defence investment, i.e. that lowest levels of defence will occur in tropical species with potentially high growth rates and annual productivity. However, we found an increase in cell wall content, total phenolics and tannin activity, and a decrease in protein availability, with decreasing latitude and/or increasing mean annual temperature. Hence, there was a trend of increasing defence (although not in leaf toughness) and declining nutritional quality towards the tropics. These latitudinal trends were recorded in both mature and expanding leaves. The same trends were observed in leaves of two species collected from the field, indicating that the results were not peculiar to the experimental growth regime. The latitudinal trend in defence did not support our prediction based on the resource availability hypothesis and may indicate that herbivore pressure is providing an overriding selection pressure, although there are alternative explanations.

Economic and legal instruments for the realization of foreign direct investment in infrastructure sectors of the economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Orshanska Marіana
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fdi Attraction

The purpose of the article is to determine the nature, characteristics and keyproblems of the main types of economic and legal instruments for the realizationof foreign direct investment (FDI). the methodological basis of the study is asystematic approach to the processing and compilation of statistics and indicators,as well as methods for their comparison, analysis and synthesis and a method offorecasting decisions on the use of investment potential to increase the attractivenessand volume of FDI attraction. The scientific novelty of the research lies in theanalysis of greenfield and brownfield strategies as the main forms of FDIimplementation, the disclosure of the content and interpretation of data on thereal state of FDI attraction, the search for opportunities to improve the investmentclimate and effective mechanisms for attracting foreign investors. conclusions. Itis confirmed that the investment attractiveness and rating of the country in theinternational market are the main factors for attracting investors. Inaccessibleinfrastructure, inefficient judicial system, high level of corruption and imperfectlegislation are the main obstacles that need to be overcome in order to attractforeign investors’ funds, providing a full package of assistance and support ateach stage of the implementation of investment projects. Greenfield and brownfield(M&A) are the most effective forms of FDI in order to achieve high growth ratesof the domestic economy, improve the level of population well-being andinternationally enter Ukraine. An analysis of the statistics on the effectiveness ofinnovative enterprise development projects, the characteristics of economic andlegal instruments indicate the gradual improvement of the investment climate andthe promotion of FDI inflows into the region’s economy through the implementationof greenfield and brownfield strategies. Examples of effective implementation ofthese strategies in the creation of new enterprises, companies of foreignrepresentation, which are expanding their capacity and entering new domesticmarkets are given. Examples of the brownfield strategy have been analyzed torestart existing and high-quality structural and organizational changes in inefficiententerprises, which have given impetus to improving the economic environment,investment attractiveness of the economy of the region and the country as a whole.

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