Sexual differentiation in decapod crustaceans: role of the androgenic gland

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIR SAGI ◽  
EVIATAR SNIR ◽  
ISAM KHALAILA
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Androgenic Gland ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans

scholarly journals RNAi Reveals Role of Insulin-Like Androgenic Gland Hormone 2 (IAG2) in Sexual Differentiation and Growth in Hermaphrodite Shrimp

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wenyuan Shi ◽  
Haihui Ye ◽  
An Liu ◽  
Zhihuang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Androgenic Gland ◽  
Vitellogenin Receptor ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Peppermint Shrimp ◽  
Gonad Inhibiting Hormone ◽  
Lower Expression

Insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) is the most widely known hormone that regulates sexual differentiation in crustaceans. Previously, a transcriptome study described two transcripts of IAGs (Lvit-IAG1 and Lvit-IAG2) in the peppermint shrimp Lysmata vittata, a species characterized by a rare reproductive system of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH). Herein, we explored the function of Lvit-IAG2 via RNA interference (RNAi) experiments, and then compared the functional differences between the two IAGs. We demonstrated that Lvit-IAG2 positively regulated the expression of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (Lvit-CHH) in eyestalk ganglion but exhibited no significant effect on the expression of gonad-inhibiting hormone (Lvit-GIHs) and crustacean female sex hormone (Lvit-CFSHs). Besides, Lvit-IAG2 gene knockdown caused degeneration in appendices masculinae (AM) and suppressed germ cells at the secondary spermatocyte stage. Moreover, silencing the Lvit-IAG2 gene impeded ovarian development, including smaller previtellogenic oocytes, and lower expression of vitellogenin (Lvit-Vg) gene in hepatopancreas and vitellogenin receptor (Lvit-VgR) gene in the ovarian region. Notably, silencing the Lvit-IAG2 gene impeded individual growth of the species. Collectively, findings from this study demonstrate that Lvit-IAG2 and Lvit-IAG1 coordinatively function to modulate sexual differentiation in L. vittata; meanwhile, Lvit-IAG2 stimulates the growth of the PSH species.

scholarly journals Sex Differentiation in Amphibians: Effect of Temperature and Its Influence on Sex Reversal

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Adrián Ruiz-García ◽  
Álvaro S. Roco ◽  
Mónica Bullejos
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Environmental Contaminants ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Expected Increase

The role of environmental factors in sexual differentiation in amphibians is not new. The effect of hormones or hormone-like compounds is widely demonstrated. However, the effect of temperature has traditionally been regarded as something anecdotal that occurs in extreme situations and not as a factor to be considered. The data currently available reveal a different situation. Sexual differentiation in some amphibian species can be altered even by small changes in temperature. On the other hand, although not proven, it is possible that temperature is related to the appearance of sex-reversed individuals in natural populations under conditions unrelated to environmental contaminants. According to this, temperature, through sex reversal (phenotypic sex opposed to genetic sex), could play an important role in the turnover of sex-determining genes and in the maintenance of homomorphic sex chromosomes in this group. Accordingly, and given the expected increase in global temperatures, growth and sexual differentiation in amphibians could easily be affected, altering the sex ratio in natural populations and posing major conservation challenges for a group in worldwide decline. It is therefore particularly urgent to understand the mechanism by which temperature affects sexual differentiation in amphibians.

scholarly journals Epigenetic mechanisms in sexual differentiation of the brain and behaviour

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1688) ◽  
pp. 20150114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Forger
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Brain

Circumstantial evidence alone argues that the establishment and maintenance of sex differences in the brain depend on epigenetic modifications of chromatin structure. More direct evidence has recently been obtained from two types of studies: those manipulating a particular epigenetic mechanism, and those examining the genome-wide distribution of specific epigenetic marks. The manipulation of histone acetylation or DNA methylation disrupts the development of several neural sex differences in rodents. Taken together, however, the evidence suggests there is unlikely to be a simple formula for masculine or feminine development of the brain and behaviour; instead, underlying epigenetic mechanisms may vary by brain region or even by dependent variable within a region. Whole-genome studies related to sex differences in the brain have only very recently been reported, but suggest that males and females may use different combinations of epigenetic modifications to control gene expression, even in cases where gene expression does not differ between the sexes. Finally, recent findings are discussed that are likely to direct future studies on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in sexual differentiation of the brain and behaviour.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Mechanism of Sexual Development in Decapod Crustaceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardavan Farhadi ◽  
Wenxiao Cui ◽  
Huaiping Zheng ◽  
Shengkang Li ◽  
Yueling Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Androgenic Gland ◽  
Dead Box ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Available Information

Crustacean culture has been developing rapidly in various parts of the world. Therefore, it is important to understand their reproductive biology. Insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) secreted from the androgenic gland (AG) is widely accepted as a key regulator of sexual differentiation in male crustaceans. However, recently several sex-related genes (i.e., CFSH, DEAD-box family, Tra-2, Sxl, Dsx, Fem-1, Sox gene family, Foxl2, and Dmrt gene family) have been identified via transcriptomic analysis in crustaceans, indicating that sexual differentiation in crustaceans is more complicated than previously expected. It has been found that several non-coding RNAs (i.e., miRNAs, lncRNAs, and piRNAs) and IAG receptors may be involved in the sexual development of decapods. Identification and study of the regulation mechanism of sex-related genes, non-coding RNAs, and IAG receptors will provide valuable information regarding sexual development in decapods. In this review, the roles of hormonal and genetic factors in both males and females are discussed. In males, crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH), Sxl, Dmrt gene family, Dsx, Sox gene family, GEM, Fem-1, l-GnRH-III, and corazonin play important roles in IAG regulation in the “eyestalk-IAG-testis” endocrine axis. Unlike males, the regulation mechanism and interaction of sexual genes are relatively unknown in females. However, CFSH, IAG, Fem-1, FAMeT, Slo, UCHLs, Erk2, Cdc2, EGFR, Vg, VgR, and VIH seem to play crucial roles during ovarian development. This study summarizes the available information in the field, highlights gaps, and lays the foundations for further studies and a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of sexual development in decapods.

The Role of CaCO3 Dissolution As a Source of HCO3- For the Buffering of Hypercapnic Acidosis in Aquatic and Terrestrial Decapod Crustaceans

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. HENRY ◽  
G. A. KORMANIK ◽  
N. J. SMATRESK ◽  
J. N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Hypercapnic Acidosis ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gecarcinus Lateralis

Blood calcium concentrations are elevated during a hypercapnic acidosis in the terrestrial crab Gecarcinus lateralis, but not in the aquatic Callincetes sapidus. The increase occurs concomitantly with a rise in blood HCO3- and partial restoration of resting blood pH values. It is believed that in G. lateralis that a source of CaCO3, possibly the shell, is being dissolved for buffering purposes.

The Role of Gonadal Steroids in Sexual Differentiation

1981 ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN D. WILSON ◽  
JAMES E GRIFFIN ◽  
FREDRICK W GEORGE ◽  
MARK LESHIN
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Gonadal Steroids
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