The impact of methadone treatment on registered convictions and arrests in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men and women with one or more treatment periods

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARLENE STENBACKA ◽  
ANDERS LEIFMAN ◽  
ANDERS ROMELSJÖ
Keyword(s):  
Methadone Treatment ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

scholarly journals Patterns of Immune Activation in HIV and Non HIV Subjects and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alinda G. Vos ◽  
Caitlin N. Dodd ◽  
Eveline M. Delemarre ◽  
Stefan Nierkens ◽  
Celicia Serenata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Inflammation Markers ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

IntroductionInsight into inflammation patterns is needed to understand the pathophysiology of HIV and related cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed patterns of inflammation related to HIV infection and CVD risk assessed with carotid intima media thickness (CIMT).MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in Johannesburg, South Africa, including participants with HIV who were virally suppressed on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) as well as HIV-negative participants who were family members or friends to the HIV-positive participants. Information was collected on CVD risk factors and CIMT. Inflammation was measured with the Olink panel ‘inflammation’, allowing to simultaneously assess 92 inflammation markers. Differences in inflammation patterns between HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants were explored using a principal component analysis (PCA) and ANCOVA. The impact of differentiating immune markers, as identified by ANCOVA, on CIMT was assessed using linear regression while adjusting for classic CVD risk factors.ResultsIn total, 185 HIV-positive and 104 HIV negative participants, 63% females, median age 40.7 years (IQR 35.4 – 47.7) were included. HIV-positive individuals were older (+6 years, p <0.01) and had a higher CIMT (p <0.01). No clear patterns of inflammation were identified by use of PCA. Following ANCOVA, nine immune markers differed significantly between HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, including PDL1. PDL1 was independently associated with CIMT, but upon stratification this effect remained for HIV-negative individuals only.ConclusionHIV positive patients on stable ART and HIV negative controls had similar immune activation patterns. CVD risk in HIV-positive participants was mediated by inflammation markers included in this study.

scholarly journals The Impact of HIV and Malaria Coinfection: What Is Known and Suggested Venues for Further Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hochman ◽  
Kami Kim
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Plasma Viral Load ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Frequent Episodes ◽  
Symptomatic Malaria ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sheer Number ◽  
Hiv Negative

HIV and malaria have similar global distributions. Annually, 500 million are infected and 1 million die because of malaria. 33 million have HIV and 2 million die from it each year. Minor effects of one infection on the disease course or outcome for the other would significantly impact public health because of the sheer number of people at risk for coinfection. While early population-based studies showed no difference in outcomes between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals with malaria, more recent work suggests that those with HIV have more frequent episodes of symptomatic malaria and that malaria increases HIV plasma viral load and decreases CD4+ T cells. HIV and malaria each interact with the host's immune system, resulting in a complex activation of immune cells, and subsequent dysregulated production of cytokines and antibodies. Further investigation of these interactions is needed to better define effects of coinfection.

scholarly journals Dietary intake and body composition in HIV-positive and -negative South African women

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1603-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie V Wrottesley ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Matthew M Hamill ◽  
Gail R Goldberg ◽  
Ann Prentice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
South African ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
African Women ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
South African Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper examines dietary intake and body composition in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative South African women, as well as the impact of disease severity on these variables.DesignBaseline data from a longitudinal study assessing bone health in HIV-negative and HIV-positive premenopausal South African women over 18 years of age were used. Anthropometry and body composition, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, were analysed together with dietary intake data assessed using an interviewer-based quantitative FFQ.SettingSoweto, Johannesburg, South Africa.SubjectsBlack, urban South African women were divided into three groups: (i) HIV-negative (HIV−; n 98); (ii) HIV-positive with preserved CD4 counts (HIV+ non-ARV; n 74); and (iii) HIV-positive with low CD4 counts and due to start ARV treatment (HIV+ pre-ARV; n 75).ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was high in this population (59 %). The HIV+ pre-ARV group was lighter and had a lower BMI than the other two groups (all P < 0·001). HIV+ pre-ARV women also had lower fat and lean masses and percentage body fat than their HIV− and HIV+ non-ARV counterparts. After adjustment, there were no differences in macronutrient intakes across study groups; however, fat and sugar intakes were high and consumption of predominantly refined food items was common overall.ConclusionHIV-associated immunosuppression may be a key determinant of body composition in HIV-positive women. However, in populations with high obesity prevalence, these differences become evident only at advanced stages of infection.

The effect of HIV status on post-stroke outcomes in personal activities of daily living

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 710-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hymeri Augustyn ◽  
Patricia de Witt ◽  
Denise Franzsen
Keyword(s):  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

Introduction This study explored the impact of HIV on the functional recovery of personal activities of daily living of stroke survivors. This assisted in identifying possible implications for the rehabilitation of stroke survivors who are also HIV-positive. Method A quantitative, descriptive, longitudinal comparative research design was used to determine the change in personal activities of daily living scores of HIV-negative and HIV-positive stroke survivors from admission to 1 month after discharge. Data were collected at a rehabilitation unit using the South African Database Functional Measure. Results There was no difference in the rate and nature of functional recovery of personal activities of daily living between the two groups between admission and discharge. A difference was noticed during the period from admission to 1 month after discharge, during which the HIV-negative group continued to show improvement, while the HIV-positive group showed little improvement or a decline in personal activities of daily living scores. Conclusions While the rate and nature of functional recovery related to personal activities of daily living for HIV-positive and HIV-negative stroke survivors is similar during inpatient care, discharge planning for the HIV-positive group needs to consider the decline in personal activities of daily living functioning post discharge. Regular follow-ups and the inclusion of the stroke survivors in an outpatient treatment programme is recommended.

The impact of zidovudine on dementia-free survival in a population of HIV-positive men and women on antiretroviral therapy

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G A Cornelisse ◽  
Val Montessori ◽  
Benita Yip ◽  
Kevin J P Craib ◽  
Michael V O'Shaughnessy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Positive Men

scholarly journals Pre-clinical atherosclerosis is found at post-mortem, in the brains of men with HIV

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola Daramola ◽  
Hebah Ali ◽  
Chris-Anne Mckenzie ◽  
Colin Smith ◽  
Laura A. Benjamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Atherosclerotic Changes ◽  
Hiv Negative

AbstractThe aim of this study is to ascertain the burden of pre-clinical atherosclerotic changes in the brains of young adult males with HIV and explore the impact of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The study design is case-control, cross-sectional. Histological sections from HIV-positive post-mortem brain samples, with no associated opportunistic infection, from the MRC Edinburgh brain bank were evaluated. These were age and sex matched with HIV-negative controls. Immunohistochemical stains were performed to evaluate characteristics of atherosclerosis. The pathological changes were graded blinded to the HIV status and a second histopathologist reassessed 15%. Univariable models were used for statistical analyses; p≤0.05 was considered significant. Nineteen HIV-positive post-mortem cases fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Nineteen HIV-negative controls were selected. We assessed mostly small- to medium-sized vessels. For inflammation (CD45), 7 (36%) of the HIV+ had moderate/severe changes compared with none for the HIV− group (p<0.001). Moderate/severe increase in smooth muscle remodeling (SMA) was found in 8 (42%) HIV+ and 0 HIV− brains (p<0.001). Moderate/severe lipoprotein deposition (LOX-1) was found in 3 (15%) and 0 HIV− brains (p<0.001). ART was associated with less inflammation [5 (63%) no ART versus 2 (18%) on ART (p=0.028)] but was not associated with reduced lipid deposition or smooth muscle damage. In HIV infection, there are pre-clinical small- to medium-sized vessel atherosclerotic changes and ART may have limited impact on these changes. This could have implications on the increasing burden of cerebrovascular disease in HIV populations and warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Peripheral Vestibular Impairment in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Alison Millar ◽  
Karin Joubert ◽  
Alida Naude
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Head Impulse Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Head Impulse ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Central Compensation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background and Objectives: Globally, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for one of the most serious pandemics to date. The vulnerability of the vestibular system in individuals with HIV has been confirmed, and central vestibular impairments have been frequently reported. However, there are disagreements on the impact of HIV on peripheral vestibular function. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of peripheral vestibular impairment, specifically related to the semi-circular canals (SCCs), in HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment.Subjects and Methods: A total of 92 adults between the ages of 18 and 50 years (divided into two groups) participated in the study. The first group comprised HIV-positive individuals receiving ARV treatment (n1=60), and the second group comprised HIV-negative participants (n2=32). The video head impulse test was used to conduct the head impulse paradigm (HIMP).Results: Bilateral normal HIMP results were obtained in 95% of the HIV-positive participants and all HIV-negative participants. The gain of the left posterior SCCs was significantly lower in the HIV-positive group, while the gains of all other canals between the two groups were comparable.Conclusions: The prevalence of peripheral vestibular impairment in the HIV-positive group was not significantly different from that of the HIV-negative group. The reduced prevalence in the current study may be attributed to participant characteristics, the test battery employed, and the central compensation of the vestibular dysfunctions at the later stages of infection.

scholarly journals Social Interaction Anxiety between HIV Positive and HIV Negative Adults: A Comparative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Fernandes ◽  
Nandini Sanyal ◽  
Arpana Amarnath ◽  
Usha C.V. ◽  
Geeta Sunkarapalli
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Social Interaction Anxiety ◽  
Hiv Positive Adults ◽  
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale ◽  
Interaction Anxiety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

The present research aims to examine the nature of social interaction anxiety in HIV positive adults and HIV negative adults as well as the effect of gender on social interaction anxiety (SIA). This study attempts to focus on some of the specific aspects of SIA that distinguish the HIV positive adults from the HIV negative adults and thus, place the former at a higher risk of further health care problems. A sample (N =60) of 30 HIV positive adults (15 men and 15 women) and 30 HIV negative adults (15 men and 15 women), aged between 18 to 25 years, responded to the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) (Mattick & Clarke, 1998). Findings indicated that the HIV positive adults reported higher social interaction anxiety than the HIV negative adults. Specifically, the HIV positive adults experienced higher levels of worry and tension, higher anxiety with respect to interpersonal skills, and greater fear of being judged than the HIV negative adults. The present study calls for further research to be done on the impact of social, economic, environmental (rural and urban) and educational backgrounds, family settings, personality and self-esteem of HIV positive adults on SIA.

scholarly journals SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV POSITIVE CHILDREN AND THE IMPACT OF PREVENTION ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF THE DISEASE

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Zorkaltseva ◽  
L. V. Zaritskaya ◽  
S. V. Pugacheva
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Inpatient Treatment ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Severe Intoxication ◽  
Tuberculosis Therapy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

The objective of the study: to compare the clinical and X-ray signs of tuberculosis in HIV positive and HIV negative children, to identify factors that are more common in HIV infected children in the region with a high prevalence of both infections. Subjects and methods. 264 children with tuberculosis, and 41 children with HIV infection and tuberculosis undergoing inpatient treatment were enrolled in the study, which was the retrospective study of medical records. The patients underwent standard clinical and X-ray examinations, and microbiological tests. Results. Disseminated forms of tuberculosis (39.1%), tuberculous meningoencephalitis (4.9%) were more frequent in the HIV positive children, while in HIV negative children, it made 1.9 and 0.4% respectively. Among HIV positive children, 34% had several sites of tuberculosis, and 19.5% suffered from generalized forms. In HIV positive children, tuberculosis was more often detected in the infiltration phase, it was accompanied by severe intoxication symptoms, while when taking anti-tuberculosis therapy in combination with ART, they had more rapid positive changes.

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