Effects of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation on the performance of flexible pavement using ME design

Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs), a key process in the terrestrial carbon cycle, is very sensitive to climate change. In this study, we synthesized 54 measurements of annual Rs and 171 estimates of Q10 value (the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) in grasslands across China. We quantitatively analyzed their spatial patterns and controlling factors in five grassland types, including temperate typical steppe, temperate meadow steppe, temperate desert steppe, alpine grassland, and warm, tropical grassland. Results showed that the mean (±SE) annual Rs was 582.0±57.9 g C m−2 yr−1 across Chinese grasslands. Annual Rs significantly differed among grassland types, and was positively correlated with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon content, and aboveground biomass, but negatively correlated with soil pH (p<0.05). Among these factors, mean annual precipitation was the primary factor controlling the variation of annual Rs among grassland types. Based on the overall data across Chinese grasslands, the Q10 values ranged from 1.03 to 8.13, with a mean (±SE) of 2.60±0.08. Moreover, the Q10 values varied largely within and among grassland types and soil temperature measurement depths. Among grassland types, the highest Q10 derived by soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm occurred in alpine grasslands. In addition, the seasonal variation of soil respiration in Chinese grasslands generally cannot be explained well by soil temperature using the van't Hoff equation. Overall, our findings suggest that the combined factors of soil temperature and moisture would better predict soil respiration in arid and semi-arid regions, highlight the importance of precipitation in controlling soil respiration in grasslands, and imply that alpine grasslands in China might release more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere under climate warming.

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Outcomes of a quantitative analysis of 46 soil chronosequence studies: Vegetation plays the key role for rates of podzolization in most environments.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3154 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Zwanzig ◽

Martin Zwanzig ◽

Daniela Sauer

Keyword(s):

Continuous Distribution ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Annual Number ◽

Published Data ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Sand Content ◽

Soil Chronosequence ◽

Soil Age

<p>Soil formation is controlled by climate, vegetation, organisms, topography, parent material and time. There are various hypotheses on the relative importance of these individual soil-forming factors. The quantitative influence of each soil-forming factor on the expression and rates of soil-forming processes, and in particular the influence of the different factors in combination, have not yet been sufficiently analyzed. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the soil-forming factors on the rates of podzolization. For this purpose, we compiled published data from 46 soil chronosequence studies in a database. These studies contained altogether 231 soil profiles of known age, on which we tested existing hypotheses on the influence of different soil-forming factors. The formation of an E horizon and its increase in thickness over time is one of the characteristic features of Podzol formation. As it is one of the few features that was described in all 46 studies, we used it as an indicator of progressive podzolization. Through statistical analysis, we investigated how E horizon thickness is affected by latitude, longitude, mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, range between minimum and maximum monthly temperature, annual number of days with frost, vegetation class (pioneer, deciduous and coniferous), sand content, clay content, and soil age.</p><p>Since E horizon thickness exhibited a zero-inflated (semi-)continuous distribution, we opted for a zero-altered gamma (ZAG) model, consisting of a Bernoulli and a Gamma part. The Bernoulli part shows, how the probability of the presence of an E horizon changes with soil age and environmental conditions. The Gamma part of the ZAG model allows for capturing the effects of the covariates on E horizon thickness. Our results indicate that vegetation is the most important factor for both (1) the soil age at which podzolization starts (used indicator: first occurrence of an E horizon), and (2) the rates of podzolization thereafter (used measure: increase of E horizon thickness with soil age). Climatic factors such as mean annual precipitation and range of temperature play subordinate roles. They are important for the soil age at which podzolization starts but less important for the rates of podzolization. We did not identify a significant influence of sand content, neither on the start nor the rates of podzolization. Thus, this statistical assessment of global data provides new insights into the relative importance of the individual soil-forming factors on the onset and temporal course of podzolization.</p>

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Relationships between nitrogen, acid-unhydrolyzable residue, and climate among tree foliar litters

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2012-0385 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 103-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Björn Berg ◽

Chunjiang Liu ◽

Ryszard Laskowski ◽

Matthew Davey

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Species ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Large Scale ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Common Oak

Using literature data, we investigated coniferous and broadleaf litter from 58 tree species using a database encompassing concentrations of N and acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) (gravimetric lignin) in newly shed litter, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation. Our aims were to (i) demonstrate any large-scale relationships between concentrations of N and AUR in foliar litter and (ii) determine differences in this respect among litter from Pinus and Quercus. To this end, we had collected foliar litter data for Asia and Europe, forming a climate gradient. Litter from broadleaf and coniferous trees differed significantly in concentrations of N (p < 0.0001, 9.64 versus 5.50 mg/g, respectively) and AUR (p < 0.0001, 219 versus 292 mg/g, respectively). There were highly significant positive linear relationships between concentrations of N and AUR for broadleaf (p < 0.0001) and coniferous litter (p < 0.0001). There were also significant positive relationships for AUR as a function of N concentration for the genera Pinus and Quercus but not within species. That for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was negative and that for common oak (Quercus robur L.) not significant.

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The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2012-0313 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 91 (8) ◽

pp. 514-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Richard M. Dillhoff ◽

Thomas A. Dillhoff ◽

David R. Greenwood ◽

Melanie L. DeVore ◽

Kathleen B. Pigg

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Middle Eocene ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Mixed Conifer ◽

Leaf Analysis ◽

High Uncertainty

A flora from Thomas Ranch near Princeton, British Columbia, Canada, is assessed for biodiversity and paleoclimate. This latest Early to early Middle Eocene flora occurs in the Allenby Formation. Seventy-six megafossil morphotypes have been recognized, representing at least 62 species, with 29 identified to genus or species. Common taxa include Ginkgo L., Metasequoia Miki, Sequoia Endl., Abies Mill., Pinus L., Pseudolarix Gordon, Acer L., Alnus Mill., Betula L., Fagus L., Sassafras J Presl, Macginitiea Wolfe & Wehr, Prunus L., and Ulmus L. More than 70 pollen and spore types are recognized, 32 of which are assignable to family or genus. The microflora is dominated by conifers (85%–97% abundance), with Betulaceae accounting for most of the angiosperms. The Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) calculates a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 9.0 ± 1.7 °C and bioclimatic analysis (BA) calculates a MAT of 12.8 ± 2.5 °C. Coldest month mean temperature (CMMT) was >0 °C. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) was >70 cm/year but is estimated with high uncertainty. Both the CLAMP and BA estimates are at the low end of the MAT range previously published for other Okanagan Highland localities, indicating a temperate climate consistent with a mixed conifer–deciduous forest.

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A quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction of the non-analogue environment of oxygen isotope stage 3: new data from small mammal records of southwestern Germany

Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s12520-021-01363-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Sara E. Rhodes ◽

Nicholas J. Conard

Keyword(s):

Transfer Functions ◽

Landscape Composition ◽

Upper Paleolithic ◽

Meteorological Variables ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Activity Period ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Oxygen Isotope Stage

AbstractEnsuring comparability between results is a key goal of all paleoecological reconstructions. Quantitative estimates of meteorological variables, as opposed to relative qualitative descriptions, provide the opportunity to compare local paleoenvironmental records against global estimates and incrementally build regional paleoclimatic records. The Bioclimatic Method provides quantitative and qualitative estimates of past landscape composition and climate along with measures of statistical accuracy by applying linear discriminant functions analysis and transfer functions to faunal taxonomic abundance data. By applying this method to the rodent data from Geißenklösterle and Hohle Fels, two Paleolithic cave sites located in the Ach Valley of southwestern Germany, we classify the regional vegetation according to Walters’ zonobiome model. We also present new estimates of meteorological variables including mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and vegetative activity period of the Ach Valley for the period spanning ~ 60,000 to 35,000 cal BP. The results suggest the Ach Valley contained a non-analogous landscape of arctic tundra and temperate deciduous woodland with occasional arid steppe expansion. Meteorological estimates suggest the climate was significantly colder during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic than today, with higher annual precipitation and dramatic temperature shifts between seasons. These results fit well with climatic reconstructions from Switzerland and the Netherlands based on a variety of proxies. They also provide further evidence of a localized climatic response within southwestern Germany to the stadial-interstadial shifts preceding the Heinrich 4 event. Finally, these results reinforce our previous claims that climatic volatility was not a driving force in the loss of Neanderthal groups throughout the Swabian Jura during OIS 3.

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Inferencias paleoclimáticas para el Mioceno tardío en la cuenca de Angastaco basadas en el análisis fisionómico foliar: Formación Palo Pintado, Salta, Argentina

Andean geology ◽

10.5027/andgeov47n2-3231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 418

Author(s):

Juan M. Robledo ◽

Maricel Y. Horn ◽

Claudia I. Galli ◽

Luisa M. Anzótegui

Keyword(s):

Late Miocene ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Sedimentary Rocks ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Humid Environment ◽

The Mean ◽

La Rioja ◽

Basin Region

The continental sedimentary rocks that constitute the Palo Pintado Formation of the late Miocene from Salta province, presents a great paleoclimatic interest due to the environmental conditions prevailing during this geochronologic interval. The geological and paleobotanical data suggest that during the sedimentary rocks accumulation of the Palo Pintado Formation (Angastaco Basin), wetter conditions would have existed comparing with other nearby and contemporary Formations, for example the Playa del Zorro Aloformation (late Miocene of Catamarca) and the Chiquimil (late Miocene of Tucumán), Salicas and the Toro Negro Formations (both from the late Miocene of La Rioja). In this study, the margin and the foliar area of the leaves contained on rocks from the Palo Pintado Formation are analyzed, in order to obtain the mean annual temperature (MAT) and the mean annual precipitation (MAP). The resulting values were: 23.98 °C and 330.8 mm. These results are coincident by the interpretation of different authors, who consider that the Palo Pintado Formation would have been deposited under a relatively humid environment, possibly as a consequence of the rains that affected locally the Angastaco basin región.

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SPLINE MODELS OF CONTEMPORARY, 2030, 2060 AND 2090 CLIMATES FOR MICHOACÁN STATE, MÉXICO. IMPACTS ON THE VEGETATION

Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana ◽

10.35196/rfm.2012.4.333 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 333

Author(s):

Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero ◽

Gerald E. Rehfeldt ◽

Nicholas L. Crookston ◽

Pierre Duval ◽

Jean Beaulieu

Keyword(s):

General Circulation ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Aridity Index ◽

General Circulation Models ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Emission Scenarios ◽

Weather Stations

Climate data from 149 weather stations of Michoacán State, at Western México, were extracted from a spline climate model developed for México’s contemporary climate (1961-1990), and for climate projected for the decades centered in years 2030, 2060 and 2090. The model was constructed using outputs from three general circulation models (GCMs: Canadian, Hadley and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics) from two emission scenarios (A “pessimistic” and B “optimistic”). Mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), annual degree days > 5 °C (DD5), and annual aridity index (DD50.5/MAP) were mapped for Michoacán at an 1 km2 scale, and means were estimated averaging all weather stations. The state average in GCMs and emission scenarios point out that mean annual temperature would increase 1.4 °C by year 2030, 2.2 °C by year 2060 and 3.6 °C by year 2090; whereas annual precipitation would decrease 5.6 % by year 2030, 5.9 % by year 2060 and 7.8 % by year 2090. Climate models can be used for inferring plant-climate relationships and for developing programs to counteract global warming effects. Climate variables were estimated also at Pinus hartwegii and Pinus pseudostrobus growth locations, at Pico de Tancítaro in Central Western Michoacán and Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro (near Tancítaro), respectively. According to the annual aridity index values estimated for such locations, it is necessary to conduct assisted migration to match current genotypes to projected climates. This translates into an altitudinal shift of 400 to 450 m higher to match 2030 climates predicted by Canadian Model scenario A2, and 600 to 800 m to match 2060 climates.

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Patterns and controls of soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in grassland ecosystems across China

10.5194/bg-2018-83 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jiguang Feng ◽

Jingsheng Wang ◽

Yanjun Song ◽

Biao Zhu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Spatial Variation ◽

Temperature Sensitivity ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

The Mean ◽

Grassland Types

Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs), a key process in the terrestrial carbon cycle, is very sensitive to climate change. In this study, we synthesized 54 measurements of annual Rs and 171 estimates of Q10 value (the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) in grasslands across China. We quantitatively analyzed their spatial patterns and controlling factors in five grassland types, including temperate typical steppe, temperate meadow steppe, temperate desert steppe, alpine grassland, and warm-tropical grassland. Results showed that the mean (± SE) annual Rs was 582.0 ± 57.9 g C m−2 yr−1 across Chinese grasslands. Annual Rs significantly differed among grassland types, and positively correlated with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, soil organic carbon content and aboveground biomass, but negatively correlated with latitude and soil pH (P < 0.05). Among these factors, mean annual precipitation was the primary factor controlling the spatial variation of annual Rs in Chinese grasslands. The mean contributions of growing season Rs and heterotrophic respiration to annual Rs were 78.7 % and 72.8 %, respectively. Moreover, the mean (± SE) of Q10 across Chinese grasslands was 2.60 ± 0.08, ranging from 1.03 to 8.13, and varied largely within and among grassland types, and among soil temperature measurement depths. Generally, the seasonal variation of soil respiration in Chinese grasslands cannot be well explained by soil temperature using the van't Hoff equation. Longitude and altitude were the dominant driving factors and accounted for 26.0 % of the variation in Q10 derived by soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm. Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the spatial variation and environmental control of soil respiration and Q10 across Chinese grasslands, and also improve our ability to predict soil carbon efflux under climate change on the regional scale.

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Temperatures and precipitation affect vegetation dynamics on Scandinavian extensive green roofs

International Journal of Biometeorology ◽

10.1007/s00484-020-02060-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joel Lönnqvist ◽

Hans Martin Hanslin ◽

Birgitte Gisvold Johannessen ◽

Tone Merete Muthanna ◽

Maria Viklander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Roofs ◽

Species Traits ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Weather Data ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Dry Period ◽

Spontaneous Vegetation ◽

Successional Stages ◽

Extensive Green Roofs

AbstractStandard succulent vegetation mixes developed mostly in temperate climates are being increasingly used on green roofs in different climate zones with uncertain outcome regarding vegetation survival and cover. We investigated vegetation on green roofs at nine temperate, cold, and/or wet locations in Norway and Sweden covering wide ranges of latitude, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, frequencies of freeze-thaw cycles, and longest annual dry period. The vegetation on the roofs were surveyed in two consecutive years, and weather data were compiled from meteorological databases. At all sites we detected a significant decline in species compared to originally intended (planted/sown) species. Both the survival rate and cover of the intended vegetation were positively related to the mean annual temperature. Contrary to a hypothesis, we found that intended vegetation cover was negatively rather than positively related to mean annual precipitation. Conversely, the unintended (spontaneous) vegetation was favoured by high mean annual precipitation and low mean annual temperature, possibly by enabling it to colonize bare patches and outcompete the intended vegetation. When there is high mortality and variation in cover of the intended vegetation, predicting the strength of ecosystem services the vegetation provides on green roofs is difficult. The results highlight the needs for further investigation on species traits and the local factors driving extinction and colonizations in order to improve survivability and ensure a dense vegetation throughout the successional stages of a green roof.

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Survey of cattle and pasture management practices on focal pastures in Alberta

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2018-0110 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 955-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tan Bao ◽

Cameron N. Carlyle ◽

Edward W. Bork ◽

Marcus Becker ◽

Mike J. Alexander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Biodiversity Monitoring ◽

Pasture Management ◽

Beef Producers ◽

Stocking Rates

A survey of Alberta beef producers was conducted at sites overlapping with a province-wide network of permanent biodiversity monitoring plots to characterize focal pastures and their management, including estimates of stocking rates. Overall, greater stocking rates were reported in the boreal compared with the parkland and grassland natural regions, coinciding with an increased reliance on tame forage on relatively small land areas of largely deeded land. Higher stocking rates were also associated with earlier starting dates of grazing in the season, higher mean annual precipitation, and lower mean annual temperature.

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