Ruminant and industrial trans-fatty acids consumption and cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic review

ABSTRACT Background Current dietary recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention focus more on dietary patterns than on single nutrients. However, randomized controlled trials using whole-diet approaches to study effects on both fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers are limited. Objective This randomized parallel trial compared the effects of a healthy diet (HD) with those of a typical Western diet (WD) on fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults. Methods After a 2-wk run-in period, 40 men and women (50–70 y; BMI: 25–35 kg/m2) consumed the HD (high in fruit and vegetables, pulses, fibers, nuts, fatty fish, polyunsaturated fatty acids; low in salt and high-glycemic carbohydrates; n = 19) or the WD (less fruit, vegetables, and fibers; no nuts and fatty fish; and more saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates; n = 21) for 6 wk. Fasting and postprandial cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed as secondary outcome parameters during a 5-h mixed-meal challenge, and a per protocol analysis was performed using 1-factor ANCOVA or linear mixed models. Results Differences in diet-induced changes are expressed relative to the HD group. Changes in fasting plasma total cholesterol (–0.57 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (–0.41 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.01), apolipoprotein B100 (–0.09 ± 0.03 g/L, P < 0.01), and apolipoprotein A1 (–0.06 ± 0.03 g/L, P = 0.05) were significantly different between the diet groups. Changes in postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (diet × time, P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein B48 (P < 0.01) differed significantly between the groups with clear improvements on the HD, although fasting triacylglycerols (–0.24 ± 0.13 mmol/L, P = 0.06) and apolipoprotein B48 (1.04 ± 0.67 mg/L, P = 0.40) did not. Significant differences between the diets were also detected in fasting systolic (–6.9 ± 3.1 mmHg, P < 0.05) and 24-h systolic (–5.0 ± 1.7 mmHg, P < 0.01) and diastolic (–3.3 ± 1.1 mmHg, P < 0.01) blood pressure. Conclusion A whole-diet approach targeted multiple fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults. In fact, the postprandial measurements provided important additional information to estimate CVD risk. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02519127.

Download Full-text

Effects of Berry Anthocyanins on Cognitive Performance, Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Intervention Studies in Humans

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22126482 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 6482

Author(s):

Sanne Ahles ◽

Peter J. Joris ◽

Jogchum Plat

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽

Berry Anthocyanins

Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of developing cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary intervention trials describing effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance in humans, while also addressing potential underlying mechanisms. A total of 1197 articles were identified through a systematic search, and 49 studies reporting effects on cognitive performance (n = 18), vascular function (n = 22), or cardiometabolic risk markers (n = 32) were included. Significant improvements were observed on memory, while some of the studies also reported effects on attention and psychomotor speed or executive function. Vascular function markers such as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation were also affected and consistent evidence was provided for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on endothelial function. Finally, studies reported improvements in blood pressure, but effects on metabolic risk markers (e.g. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) were less consistent. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance as memory improved. Whether observed anthocyanin-induced improvements in vascular function and blood pressure underlie beneficial effects on cognitive performance warrants further study.

Download Full-text

Metabolic profiling of alcohol consumption in 9778 young adults

10.1101/041582 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Peter Würtz ◽

Sarah Cook ◽

Qin Wang ◽

Mika Tiainen ◽

Tuulia Tynkkynen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Young Adults ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Signature ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

Background: High alcohol consumption is a major cause of morbidity, yet alcohol is associated with both favourable and adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk markers. We aimed to characterize the associations of usual alcohol consumption with a comprehensive systemic metabolite profile in young adults. Methods: Cross-sectional associations of alcohol intake with 86 metabolic measures were assessed for 9778 individuals from three population-based cohorts from Finland (age 24 45 years, 52% women). Metabolic changes associated with change in alcohol intake during 6-year follow-up were further examined for 1466 individuals. Alcohol intake was assessed by questionnaires. Circulating lipids, fatty acids and metabolites were quantified by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and biochemical assays. Results: Increased alcohol intake was associated with cardiometabolic risk markers across multiple metabolic pathways, including higher lipid concentrations in HDL subclasses and smaller LDL particle size, increased proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and decreased proportion of omega-6 fatty acids, lower concentrations of glutamine and citrate (P<0.001 for 56 metabolic measures). Many metabolic biomarkers displayed U-shaped associations with alcohol consumption. Results were coherent for men and women, consistent across the three cohorts, and similar if adjusting for body mass index, smoking and physical activity. The metabolic changes accompanying change in alcohol intake during follow-up resembled the cross-sectional association pattern (R2=0.83, slope=0.72±0.04). Conclusions: Alcohol consumption is associated with a complex metabolic signature, including aberrations in multiple biomarkers for elevated cardiometabolic risk. The metabolic signature tracks with long-term changes in alcohol consumption. These results elucidate the double-edged effects of alcohol on cardiovascular risk.

Download Full-text