Toxicity of Methanol to Fish, Crustacean, Oligochaete Worm, and Aquatic Ecosystem

Static renewal bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and in outdoor artificial enclosures to evaluate toxic effects of methanol to one teleost fish and two aquatic invertebrates and to limnological variables of aquatic ecosystem. Ninety-six-hour acute toxicity tests revealed cladoceran crustacea Moina micrura as the most sensitive to methanol (LC50, 4.82 g/L), followed by freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (LC50, 15.32 g/L) and oligochaete worm Branchiura sowerbyi (LC50, 54.89 g/L). The fish, when exposed to lethal concentrations of methanol, showed difficulties in respiration and swimming. The oligochaete body wrinkled and fragmented under lethal exposure of methanol. Effects of five sublethal concentrations of methanol (0, 23.75, 47.49, 736.10, and 1527.60 mg/L) on the feeding rate of the fish and on its growth and reproduction were evaluated by separate bioassays. Ninety-six-hour bioassays in the laboratory showed significant reduction in the appetite of fish when exposed to 736.10 mg/L or higher concentrations of methanol. Chronic toxicity bioassays (90 days) in outdoor enclosures showed a reduction in growth, maturity index and fecundity of fish at 47.49 mg/L or higher concentrations of methanol. Primary productivity, phytoplankton population, and alkalinity of water were also reduced at these concentrations. Chronic exposure to 1527.60 mg/L methanol resulted in damages of the epithelium of primary and secondary gill lamellae of the fish. The results revealed 23.75 mg/L as the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of methanol to freshwater aquatic ecosystem.

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Toxicity of leachates from pilot reactors simulating a landfill with different concentrations of AgNP

Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/s1413-4152201920180239 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 1089-1094

Author(s):

Raphael Zanelato ◽

Isabela da Cruz Bonatto ◽

José Julio Barrios Restrepo ◽

Rodrigo Costa Puerari ◽

William Gerson Matias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Aquatic Ecosystems ◽

Aquatic Invertebrates ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Treatment Efficiency ◽

Landfill Leachates ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests

ABSTRACT This work’s objective was to verify the leachates toxicity from pilot reactors (PR) simulating a landfill containing different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Acute toxicity tests (48 h) with Daphnia magna were carried out in leachates containing 50, 150 and 450 mg AgNP.kg-1, in addition to a blank for control. Toxicity tests with the pure solution of silver nanoparticle and leachates resulted by the reactors were performed. The acute toxicity tests performed with D. magna confirmed the toxicity of the leachates, as well as confirmed that the silver nanoparticles are toxic, presenting EC50 (48 h) of 0.63 µg.L-1 of pure nanoparticle and ranging from 1.52 to 3.37% for the leachates. Overall, the results from the present study indicate that exposures of aquatic invertebrates to silver nanoparticles could have important ecological effects on lower trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems. The results may contribute to a better understanding of the quality of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachates, with reference to nanoparticle interference and consequent treatment efficiency.

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Assessment of the Estuarine Hermaphroditic Fish Rivulus marmoratus as a Useful Euryhaline Species for Acute Toxicity Tests as Shown Using Cadmium

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f94-029 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 280-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E.-H. Park ◽

H.-H. Chang ◽

W. N. Joo ◽

H.-S. Chung ◽

H.-S. Kwak

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Life Stages ◽

Primary Target ◽

Rivulus Marmoratus ◽

Target Organs ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests ◽

Gill Lamellae ◽

Tolerance To Cadmium

The estuarine hermaphroditic teleost Rivulus marmoratus was sensitive to toxic effects of cadmium showing low 96-h LC50 values of 0.8–32.8 mg Cd/L for different life stages at 10‰ salinity, 25 °C, and pH 7.0. Toxicity was greater at higher temperatures, at higher pH, and at lower salinity. Tolerance to cadmium increased after pretreatment with a low dose of cadmium, but the effect decreased when intervals between pretreatment and challenge treatment were longer than 4 d. The gill lamellae and kidney tubules were the primary target organs for acute toxic effects of cadmium in adult fish. These results suggest that R. marmoratus, which is small, physiologically tolerant, hardy, and easy to breed, may prove to be a useful euryhaline model for estuarine metal toxicity studies.

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Effects of cypermethrin on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5580-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 469-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

J. Velisek ◽

T. Wlasow ◽

P. Gomulka ◽

Z. Svobodova ◽

R. Dobsikova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Control Group ◽

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests ◽

Gill Lamellae ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Neutrophile Granulocytes

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cypermethrin [(R,S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,tra-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylate] on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The effect was assessed on the basis of the results of acute toxicity tests and on the comparison of results of haematological, biochemical and histopathological tissue examinations of a control and experimental group exposed to Alimetrine 10 EM pesticide preparation (active substance 100 g/l of cypermethrin). The acute semistatical toxicity test lasting 96 h was performed on rainbow trout juveniles. The 96hLC50 value of Alimethrine 10 EM was 31.4 µg/l. Examination of erythrocyte, leukocyte and biochemical profile and histopathological tissue examination was performed on 15 control and 15 experimental specimens of one-to-two-year-old rainbow trout after 96 h of exposure to Alimetrine 10 EM in the concentration of 31.4 µg/l. The experimental group showed significantly higher values (P < 0.01) of plasma ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), lactate (LACT) and significantly lower (P < 0.01) values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to the control group. Also, a significant decrease in count of developmental forms of myeloid sequence, and segmented neutrophile granulocytes in the experimental group were found. Teleangioectasiae of secondary gill lamellae and degeneration of hepatocytes were observed with histopathological examination. No histopathological changes were demonstrated in tissues (skin, spleen, cranial and caudal kidney) of rainbow trout following exposure to cypermethrine. The cypermethrine-based Alimethrinee 10 EM pesticide preparation was classified among substances strongly toxic for fish.

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Acute toxicity of endosulfan to immature and adult Gastropods Lymnaea Radix cor ( Annandale and Prashad , 1919)

10.32792/thi/sc/vol.1.is.2.02 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 13-18

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Organochlorine Pesticide ◽

Aquatic Ecosystem ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Toxic Pollutants ◽

Statistical Program ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests

Endosulfan, polycyclic organochlorine pesticide contaminating aquatic ecosystem as a potential toxic pollutants, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity. The immature and adult gastropods Lymnaea Radix cor were selected for the bioassay experiments. The 96 h LC 50 2were determined for the both stages. Data obtained from endosulfan acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Program. The 96h LCfor immature and adult snails were estimated as, (0.38) and (0.91) mg/l, respectively.

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Maternal Responses and Adaptive Changes to Environmental Stress via Chronic Nanomaterial Exposure: Differences in Inter and Transgenerational Interclonal Broods of Daphnia magna

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Laura-Jayne. A. Ellis ◽

Stephen Kissane ◽

Iseult Lynch

Keyword(s):

Daphnia Magna ◽

Lethal Effect ◽

Maternal Exposure ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Biological Interactions ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests ◽

Maternal Responses ◽

Fine Tune ◽

Growth And Reproduction

There is increasing recognition that environmental nano-biological interactions in model species, and the resulting effects on progeny, are of paramount importance for nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment. In this work, Daphnia magna F0 mothers were exposed to a range of silver and titanium dioxide NMs. The key biological life history traits (survival, growth and reproduction) of the F1 intergenerations, at the first (F1B1), third (F1B3) and fifth (F1B5) broods, were investigated. Furthermore, the F1 germlines of each of the three broods were investigated over 3 more generations (up to 25 days each) in continuous or removed-from NM exposure, to identify how the length of maternal exposure affects the resulting clonal broods. Our results show how daphnids respond to NM-induced stress, and how the maternal effects show trade-offs between growth, reproduction and survivorship. The F1B1 (and following germline) had the shortest F0 maternal exposure times to the NMs, and thus were the most sensitive showing reduced size and reproductive output. The F1B3 generation had a sub-chronic maternal exposure, whereas the F1B5 generation suffered chronic maternal exposure where (in most cases) the most compensatory adaptive effects were displayed in response to the prolonged NM exposure, including enhanced neonate output and reduced gene expression. Transgenerational responses of multiple germlines showed a direct link with maternal exposure time to ‘sub-lethal’ effect concentrations of NMs (identified from standard OECDs acute toxicity tests which chronically presented as lethal) including increased survival and production of males in the F1B3 and G1B5 germlines. This information may help to fine-tune environmental risk assessments of NMs and prediction of their impacts on environmental ecology.

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Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1998.006 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 95-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W.R. Bennett ◽

A.P. Farrell

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Juvenile Fish ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

White Sturgeon ◽

Acipenser Transmontanus ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Fraser River ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests ◽

Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

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The effects of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank on water quality and the toxicity thereof to Daphnia pulex

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0650 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 39 (10-11) ◽

pp. 173-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liesl Hill ◽

Sebastian Jooste

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Mine Drainage ◽

Interstitial Water ◽

Stream Water ◽

Daphnia Pulex ◽

Contaminated Sediments ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Major Route ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests ◽

Route Of Exposure

With the increasing focus on environmental issues, the objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank - which receives acid mine drainage (AMD) inter alia - on biota. Direct transfer of chemicals from sediments to organisms is considered to be a major route of exposure for many species, and therefore focusing attention on sediment contamination and highlighting the fact that sediments are an important resource. Acute toxicity tests were performed on Daphnia pulex using both extracted sediment interstitial water and surface water. Chemical analyses were also performed on the sediment, interstitial water and surface water samples. The toxicity results suggest that metal toxicity adds significantly to the toxicity of the stream water which is enhanced by the effect of pH. The pH of the stream and interstitial water was consistently below 4.5.

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