scholarly journals Tobacco Smoke–Induced Lung Cancer in Animals—A Challenge to Toxicology (?)

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanspeter Witschi
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Lung Tumor ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Product Modification ◽  
Rats And Mice

Tobacco smoke is a known human carcinogen that primarily produces malignant lesions in the respiratory tract, although it also affects multiple other sites. A reliable and practical animal model of tobacco smoke–induced lung cancer would be helpful for in studies of product modification and chemoprevention. Over the years, many attempts to reproduce lung cancer in experimental animals exposed to tobacco smoke have been made, most often with negative or only marginally positive results. In hamsters, malignant lesions have been produced in the larynx, but not in the deeper lung. Female rats and female B6C3F1 mice, when exposed over lifetime to tobacco smoke, develop tumors in the nasal passages and also in the lung. Contrary to what is seen in human lung cancers, most rodent tumors are located peripherally and only about half of them show frank malignant features. Distant metastases are extremely rare. Male and female strain A mice exposed to 5 months to tobacco smoke and then kept for another 4 months in air respond to tobacco smoke with increased lung tumor multiplicities. However, the increase over background levels is comparatively small, making it difficult to detect significant differences when the effects of chemopreventive agents are evaluated. On the other hand, biomarkers of exposure and of effect as well as evaluation of putative carcinogenic mechanisms in rats and mice exposed to tobacco smoke allow detection of early events and their modification by different smoke types or chemopreventive agents. The challenge will be to make such data broadly acceptable and accepted in lieu of having to do more and more long term studies involving larger and larger number of animals.

scholarly journals Inhibition of the FGF/FGFR System Induces Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells via c-Myc Downregulation and Oxidative Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9376
Author(s):  
Arianna Giacomini ◽  
Sara Taranto ◽  
Sara Rezzola ◽  
Sara Matarazzo ◽  
Elisabetta Grillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Lung Tumor ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Dependent Lung ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach

Lung cancer represents an extremely diffused neoplastic disorder with different histological/molecular features. Among the different lung tumors, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most represented histotype, characterized by various molecular markers, including the expression/overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1). Thus, FGF/FGFR blockade by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) or FGF-ligand inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic approach in lung cancers. In this study we demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting the FGF/FGFR system in FGF-dependent lung tumor cells using FGF trapping (NSC12) or TKi (erdafitinib) approaches. The results show that inhibition of FGF/FGFR by NSC12 or erdafitinib induces apoptosis in FGF-dependent human squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H1581 and NCI-H520 cells. Induction of oxidative stress is the main mechanism responsible for the therapeutic/pro-apoptotic effect exerted by both NSC12 and erdafitinib, with apoptosis being abolished by antioxidant treatments. Finally, reduction of c-Myc protein levels appears to strictly determine the onset of oxidative stress and the therapeutic response to FGF/FGFR inhibition, indicating c-Myc as a key downstream effector of FGF/FGFR signaling in FGF-dependent lung cancers.

scholarly journals Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering

Open Physics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 400-404
Author(s):  
Weipeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Pulmonary Nodule ◽  
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Ct Image ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Diagnosis Rate ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The relationship between the medical characteristics of lung cancers and computer tomography (CT) images are explored so as to improve the early diagnosis rate of lung cancers. Methods This research collected CT images of patients with solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer, and used gradual clustering methodology to classify them. Preliminary classifications were made, followed by continuous modification and iteration to determine the optimal condensation point, until iteration stability was achieved. Reasonable classification results were obtained. Results the clustering results fell into 3 categories. The first type of patients was mostly female, with ages between 50 and 65 years. CT images of solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer for this group contain complete lobulation and burr, with pleural indentation; The second type of patients was mostly male with ages between 50 and 80 years. CT images of solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer for this group contain complete lobulation and burr, but with no pleural indentation; The third type of patients was also mostly male with ages between 50 and 80 years. CT images for this group showed no abnormalities. Conclusions the application of gradual clustering methodology can scientifically classify CT image features of patients with lung cancer in the initial lesion stage. These findings provide the basis for early detection and treatment of malignant lesions in patients with lung cancer.

scholarly journals Stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with lung tumors composed of mainly ground-glass opacity

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-430
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Onishi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Shioyama ◽  
Yasuo Matsumoto ◽  
Yuta Shibamoto ◽  
Akifumi Miyakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Lung Tumor ◽  
Regional Lymph Node ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Positive Finding ◽  
Stage I Lung Cancer

Abstract We retrospectively reviewed the effect of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with stage I lung cancer whose lung tumor showed a nodular appearance of ground glass opacity, so-called ground glass nodule (GGN). A total of 84 patients (42 men, 42 women; mean age, 75 years) with stage I lung cancer with GGN accompanying a solid component <50% in diameter of the tumor and no metastases were studied. Concerning histology, 32 tumors were adenocarcinoma, 1 was squamous cell carcinoma, 2 were unclassified carcinoma and 49 cases were histology-unproven but increased in size or had a positive finding in 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) examination. The median tumor size was 20 mm (range, 10–41 mm). All of the patients were treated with SBRT, and the total prescribed dose at the isocenter ranged between 48 Gy in four fractions and 84 Gy in ten fractions. Median follow-up duration was 33 months. No patient had local failure nor regional lymph node failure. The 3-year rate of distant failure was 2.6%. Two patients who experienced distant metastases had a past surgical history of initial lung cancer before SBRT. The rates of cause-specific and overall survival at 3 years were 98.2 and 94.6%, respectively. Treatment-related adverse events of ≥grade 4 were not reported. Although more cases and longer follow-ups are mandatory, SBRT may be one of the radical treatment options for patients with GGN.

scholarly journals Polonium and Lung Cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Zagà ◽  
Charilaos Lygidakis ◽  
Kamal Chaouachi ◽  
Enrico Gattavecchia
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Carcinogenic Activity ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Decay Products ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Carcinogenic Agents ◽  
The One ◽  
Lead 210

The alpha-radioactive polonium 210 (Po-210) is one of the most powerful carcinogenic agents of tobacco smoke and is responsible for the histotype shift of lung cancer from squamous cell type to adenocarcinoma. According to several studies, the principal source of Po-210 is the fertilizers used in tobacco plants, which are rich in polyphosphates containing radio (Ra-226) and its decay products, lead 210 (Pb-210) and Po-210. Tobacco leaves accumulate Pb-210 and Po-210 through their trichomes, and Pb-210 decays into Po-210 over time. With the combustion of the cigarette smoke becomes radioactive and Pb-210 and Po-210 reach the bronchopulmonary apparatus, especially in bifurcations of segmental bronchi. In this place, combined with other agents, it will manifest its carcinogenic activity, especially in patients with compromised mucous-ciliary clearance. Various studies have confirmed that the radiological risk from Po-210 in a smoker of 20 cigarettes per day for a year is equivalent to the one deriving from 300 chest X-rays, with an autonomous oncogenic capability of 4 lung cancers per 10000 smokers. Po-210 can also be found in passive smoke, since part of Po-210 spreads in the surrounding environment during tobacco combustion. Tobacco manufacturers have been aware of the alpha-radioactivity presence in tobacco smoke since the sixties.

Lung Cancer: Lymphadenopathy and Extrapulmonary Involvement

Chest Imaging ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Ryo E. C. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Lymph Node Involvement ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Upper Abdominal

Lymphadenopathy and extrapulmonary involvement may be presenting manifestations of advanced lung cancer. Central tumors such as squamous cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas often exhibit ipsilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Metastatic lymphadenopathy may exhibit subtle findings on radiography but is readily identified on CT, MRI and PET-CT. Lymphadenopathy in the setting of lung cancer portends a poorer prognosis compared with lung cancer without lymph node involvement. The differential diagnosis includes reactive lymphadenopathy from infection, granulomatous lymphadenopathy from sarcoidosis and malignant lymphadenopathy from metastatic disease and lymphoma. Advanced lung cancer may exhibit extrapulmonary involvement as the first manifestation of disease. Central lung cancers may directly invade the mediastinum and its organs and vessels. Peripheral lung cancers may invade the adjacent chest wall structures. Pleural and pericardial involvement may also occur and often manifests with effusion. Metastases to upper abdominal organs may be identified on chest CT. PET-CT allows identification of distant metastases.

scholarly journals Deep learning-based algorithm for lung cancer detection on chest radiographs using the segmentation method

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akitoshi Shimazaki ◽  
Daiju Ueda ◽  
Antoine Choppin ◽  
Akira Yamamoto ◽  
Takashi Honjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Chest Radiographs ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Independent Test Dataset ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Lung Cancer Detection

AbstractWe developed and validated a deep learning (DL)-based model using the segmentation method and assessed its ability to detect lung cancer on chest radiographs. Chest radiographs for use as a training dataset and a test dataset were collected separately from January 2006 to June 2018 at our hospital. The training dataset was used to train and validate the DL-based model with five-fold cross-validation. The model sensitivity and mean false positive indications per image (mFPI) were assessed with the independent test dataset. The training dataset included 629 radiographs with 652 nodules/masses and the test dataset included 151 radiographs with 159 nodules/masses. The DL-based model had a sensitivity of 0.73 with 0.13 mFPI in the test dataset. Sensitivity was lower in lung cancers that overlapped with blind spots such as pulmonary apices, pulmonary hila, chest wall, heart, and sub-diaphragmatic space (0.50–0.64) compared with those in non-overlapped locations (0.87). The dice coefficient for the 159 malignant lesions was on average 0.52. The DL-based model was able to detect lung cancers on chest radiographs, with low mFPI.

scholarly journals Lung Cancers and the Roles of Natural Compounds as Potential Chemotherapeutic and Chemopreventive Agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Omchit Surien ◽  
Ahmad Rohi Ghazali ◽  
Siti Fathiah Masre
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Large Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Genomic Alterations ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Lung Cancers

Among all types of human cancers, lung cancer is one of the most common and has the highest mortality rate. Two major groups of lung cancer based on histological features are non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and small cell lung cancers (SCLCs). NSCLCs are further subdivided into few subtypes such as adenocarcinoma (AD), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and large cell carcinoma(LCC). Focusing on specific treatments or molecular targeted therapy for each type of lung cancers promising the better results as each subtype of lung cancers differ in genomic alterations, the cell of origin and growth pattern. Numerous studies have been done to search for the best chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents that can reduce the burden of lung cancer, primarily focusing on potential natural products. This review is focused on genomic alterations and current potential natural compounds as chemotherapeutic and chemoprevention agents specifically on each subtype of lung cancers.

Enhancing 18F-FDG-PET/CT analysis in lung cancer patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (06) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kapfhammer ◽  
T. Winkens ◽  
T. Lesser ◽  
A. Reissig ◽  
M. Steinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Image Fusion ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Ct Image ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Peripheral Lung ◽  
Fdg Pet Ct ◽  
Tumour Infiltration

SummaryAim: To retrospectively evaluate the feasibility and value of CT-CT image fusion to assess the shift of peripheral lung cancers with/-out chest wall infiltration, comparing computed tomography acquisitions in shallow-breathing (SB-CT) and deep-inspiration breath-hold (DIBH-CT) in patients undergoing FDG-PET/ CT for lung cancer staging. Methods: Image fusion of SB-CT and DIBH-CT was performed with a multimodal workstation used for nuclear medicine fusion imaging. The distance of intrathoracic landmarks and the positional shift of tumours were measured using semitransparent overlay of both CT series. Statistical analyses were adjusted for confounders of tumour infiltration. Cutoff levels were calculated for prediction of no-/infiltration. Results: Lateral pleural recessus and diaphragm showed the largest respiratory excursions. Infiltrating lung cancers showed more limited respiratory shifts than non-infiltrating tumours. A large respiratory tumour-motility accurately predicted non-infiltration. However, the tumour shifts were limited and variable, limiting the accuracy of prediction. Conclusion: This pilot fusion study proved feasible and allowed a simple analysis of the respiratory shifts of peripheral lung tumours using CT-CT image fusion in a PET/CT setting. The calculated cutoffs were useful in predicting the exclusion of chest wall infiltration but did not accurately predict tumour infiltration. This method can provide additional qualitative information in patients with lung cancers with contact to the chest wall but unclear CT evidence of infiltration undergoing PET/CT without the need of additional investigations. Considering the small sample size investigated, further studies are necessary to verify the obtained results.

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