Microbiological water quality in a large irrigation system: El Valle del Yaqui, Sonora México

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (14) ◽  
pp. 1708-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui ◽  
L. Castro-Espinoza ◽  
Jaime E. Naranjo ◽  
Martin M. Karpiscak ◽  
Robert J. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Large Irrigation

The relationship between health effects in triathletes and microbiological quality of freshwater

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Medema ◽  
I. A. van Asperen ◽  
J. M. Klokman-Houweling ◽  
A. Nooitgedagt ◽  
M. J. W. van de Laar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Health Complaints ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

This pilot study was carried out to determine the relationship between microbiological water quality parameters and the occurrence of health complaints among triathletes. Data were collected at an Olympic distance triathlon (n=314) and a run-bike-run (n=81; controls for exposure to fresh water). At the time of the triathlon, the concentrations of Escherichia coli , thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci, entero- and reoviruses, F-specific RNA phages, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were examined over the swimming course. Information on the occurrence of health complaints during the competition and in the week thereafter was collected through a written questionnaire. The results show that triathletes and run-bike-runners are comparable with respect to factors other than water exposure (age, sex, training history, physical stress, lower intestinal health complaints during the competition) that may influence the occurrence of health complaints in the week after the competition. Triathletes and run-bike-runners reported gastro-intestinal (7.7% vs 2.5%), respiratory (5.5% vs 3.7%), skin/mucosal (2.6% vs 1.2%), general (3.5% vs 1.2%) and total symptoms (14.8% vs 7.4%) in the week after the event. The health risks for triathletes for all symptom groups are not significantly higher than for run-bike-runners. The geometric mean concentration of faecal indicator bacteria is relatively low: E. coli 170/100 ml; faecal streptococci 13/100 ml, enteroviruses were present at concentrations of 0.1/l. The group of triathletes was homogeneusly and relatively intensely exposed to water; they all swam in the same body of water at the same time and 75% reported to have swallowed freshwater. It was concluded that this study design is suitable to study the relationship between health complaints and microbiological water quality. In the summers of 1993 and 1994, a study will be carried out concerning several run-bike-runs and triathlons in freshwaters of different quality.

scholarly journals Design of Water Distribution System: Appropriateness of Structured System in Large Irrigation Projects in Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Basistha Adhakari
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Irrigation Projects ◽  
Structured System ◽  
Large Irrigation ◽  
Area Development

Many large irrigation projects in Nepal operate under command area development works that emphasize on-farm water distribution and management. These projects have specific design characteristics that were planned to comply with available water resources, climatic conditions, soil type, and water distribution technology. The water distribution technologies differ based on the design needs of each individual project and the design preferences of various foreign consulting firms. This article focuses on the issues of planning and designing water distribution systems of large irrigation systems at the irrigation service delivery level. The layout planning of an irrigation system is an important aspect of design for water distribution, typically guided by hierarchical system. This article also highlights the existing canal hierarchy of these systems and their appropriateness for efficient water distribution. Furthermore, the appropriateness of the structured system is also examined in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project. The article concluded with some suggestions for planning and designing command area development works of forthcoming large irrigation projects such as the Sikta Irrigation Project, the Babai Irrigation Project, and the Mahakali Irrigation Project Stage-III.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 25-30

Sustainability of Rice Production at Baixo Mondego, Portugal

2022 ◽  
pp. 266-287
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima Lorena Oliveira ◽  
Sergio Oliveira ◽  
António Terrão Russo ◽  
kiril bahcevandziev ◽  
Ana Bela M. Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Production System ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Marketing Systems ◽  
Dry Soil

This chapter aims to analyze the rice production system at the Baixo Mondego Valley to understand the main concerns. Field research and field trials were carried out to analyze rice production, marketing systems, and different irrigation alternatives. An analysis on the worries was made, and a correlational attempt was done. The results show a production system oriented by agri-environmental policies. The problems related with rice irrigation are water scarcity, environmental impacts on water quality, agroecosystems, and methane emissions. To reduce water demand, the alternate wetting and drying flooding method, and the improvement of the precise land levelling were studied on the scope of MEDWATERICE Project. About 12-14% of water saving was observed, with impact on production lower than 3.5%, allowing period of 11-19 days of dry soil, expecting positive implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Innovation in the irrigation system may help to reduce some of the farmers' concerns and help to better adapt this crop to the new needs of agriculture in terms of environmental competitiveness.

scholarly journals A Simple Off-Grid Incubator for Microbiological Water Quality Analysis

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Bernardes ◽  
Ricardo Bernardes ◽  
Camille Zimmer ◽  
Caetano C. Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Conventional Culture ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality

There is a need for accessible and low-cost microbiological water quality testing in contexts where diarrheal illness is a major public health concern. In most cases, the quantification of Escherichia coli and other microbial indicators by conventional culture methods requires an incubation step for processed samples at specific temperatures for bacterial growth over a prescribed time. However, incubators can be the most expensive equipment required for such microbial analyses, limiting the number and scope of water quality testing available in low-resource contexts. In this study, a low-cost incubator was developed using a locally available expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam cooler, with two water bottles filled with hot water to heat incubator to a target of 35 °C. The EPS incubator performance was validated by processing 150 water samples in duplicates using the Colilert Quanti-tray/2000 system, incubated in either the EPS incubator or a standard laboratory incubator set at 35 °C. Statistically significant correlations of results indicated that the quantification of E. coli was comparable between both methods. Risk categorizations from standard and EPS incubation results agreed for 141 of 150 (94%) samples, with zero false negatives. In addition to being reasonably mobile the EPS incubator would reduce the cost of such water quality testing, thus potentially increasing the scope of water quality testing coverage.

Coliforms and other microbial indicators occurrence in water and biofilm in full-scale distribution systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Batté ◽  
C. Féliers ◽  
P. Servais ◽  
V. Gauthier ◽  
J.-C. Joret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Heterotrophic Plate Counts

Biofilm and microbial water quality were studied in four middle size full-scale distribution systems (DS) in France serving 5,000–30,000 inhabitants (maximum residence time 23–160 h) through three sampling campaigns over 1 year. Three of these DSs were chosen because of a quite high occurrence of bacterial indicators (i.e. total coliforms), the last DS was considered as a reference. Biofilm was studied on cast iron coupons incubated for more than 1 month in devices continuously fed with water from the DS in conditions imitating those met in DS. The devices were located at different points (4–6) along each DS. The abundance of bacteria in biofilm was estimated by heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) after detachment of the biofilm from the support by sonication. Microbiological water quality was estimated in parallel; analysis of total coliforms, E. coli, enterococci and anaerobic sulphide-reducing bacteria spores (ASRB spores) was carried out in biofilm and water. Over the period of the study, 171 water samples and 57 biofilm samples were collected. Over these 171 waters, 19 (11%) were positive for at least one of the measured indicators while two biofilm samples were positive (3.5%). Significant differences were observed in the levels of contamination between the DSs. High residence time in the DS, low disinfectant residual and high temperature increased the risk of indicator occurrence in the water phase. Due to the low number of biofilm samples positive for bacterial indicators, the data collected in the present study did not allow observation of a direct association between biofilm and water contaminations, even if the occurrence of indicators in water appeared on DSs with the highest density of biofilm (HPC).

Irrigation system and land use effect on surface water quality in river, at lake Dianchi, Yunnan, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tanaka ◽  
Takahiro Sato ◽  
Kazuo Watanabe ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Dan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Lake Dianchi

Environment and Population: The Collapse of Large Irrigation Systems Reconsidered

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Borsch
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Large Irrigation ◽  
Dry Farming

Irrigation systems were the first source of great abundance that stemmed from the Agricultural Revolution. They were also humanity's first great environmental curse. Long before issues of global warming and freshwater shortages haunted the modern world, irrigation systems blessed and bedeviled humans with their promise and peril. While a well-ordered functional irrigation system provided inhabitants with seed-to-yield ratios that were the envy of any dry-farming regime, these same irrigation systems could collapse in toto, bringing disaster on a scale never seen in rain-fed agricultural systems.

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