scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal influence of Non-Pharmaceutical interventions policies on pandemic dynamics and the economy: the case of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Teddy Lazebnik ◽  
Labib Shami ◽  
Svetlana Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal influence of tundra snow properties on Ku-band (17.2 GHz) backscatter

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (226) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua King ◽  
Richard Kelly ◽  
Andrew Kasurak ◽  
Claude Duguay ◽  
Grant Gunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Snow Properties ◽  
Snow Sampling ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Ku Band

AbstractDuring the 2010/11 boreal winter, a distributed set of backscatter measurements was collected using a ground-based Ku-band (17.2 GHz) scatterometer system at 26 open tundra sites. A standard snow-sampling procedure was completed after each scan to evaluate local variability in snow layering, depth, density and water equivalent (SWE) within the scatterometer field of view. The shallow depths and large basal depth hoar encountered presented an opportunity to evaluate backscatter under a set of previously untested conditions. Strong Ku-band response was found with increasing snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE). In particular, co-polarized vertical backscatter increased by 0.82 dB for every 1 cm increase in SWE (R2 = 0.62). While the result indicated strong potential for Ku-band retrieval of shallow snow properties, it did not characterize the influence of sub-scan variability. An enhanced snow-sampling procedure was introduced to generate detailed characterizations of stratigraphy within the scatterometer field of view using near-infrared photography along the length of a 5 m trench. Changes in snow properties along the trench were used to discuss variations in the collocated backscatter response. A pair of contrasting observation sites was used to highlight uncertainties in backscatter response related to short length scale spatial variability in the observed tundra environment.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal influence of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton assemblage in coastal brackish lagoon: Gomishan Lagoon, Caspian Sea, Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2020-2027
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD JABBARI ◽  
MORTEZA SALAHI ◽  
RASOUL GHORBANI
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblage ◽  
Brackish Lagoon ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Phytoplankton Variability

Jabbari M, Salahi M, Ghorbani R. 2018. Spatio-temporal influence of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton assemblage in coastal brackish lagoon: Gomishan Lagoon, Caspian Sea, Iran. Biodiversitas 19: 2020-2027. The objective of this study was to determine the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of phytoplankton assemblage due to physico-chemical heterogeneity in coastal brackish lagoon of Gomishan. An inter-annual cycle of sampling period (April 2014-March 2015) and spatially stratified random sampling were established to examine 24 spatiotemporal scenarios. Water samples were preserved in 1 and 0.5 liter dark Polythene bottles from each station for assessing plankton community and chlorophyll a, respectively. The applied multivariate approach including hierarchical cluster analysis for (dis)similarity test of environmental factors, principle component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to illustrate the pattern of phytoplankton variability in relation to environmental characteristics. The results showed that mean salinity, temperature, pH, total nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, turbidity, and electrical conductivity (EC) were 22.8±5.9 (ppt), 23.4° C, 8.18, 2.49 (mg.l-1), 0.258 (mg.l-1), 3.39 (mg.l-1), 42.12 (NTU), and 3.78 (dS/m3), respectively. Scenarios S5AT, S5W, S6W, S6AT were distinguished from other scenarios with more than 90% similarity, subsequently S1SU and S5SU with about 80% similarity. Inter-annual mean density of total phytoplankton (cell.l-1) was 2.45×106, whereas in northern sector it was constant with only a peak in June, but in southern sector it was more tolerant, so in April it tended to increase with a peak (7.2×106) in July which was the maximum density over the year. The phytoplankton assemblage of the lagoon comprised 47 species from 5 different classes including Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Euglenophyta.

scholarly journals Preparing for a future COVID-19 wave: insights and limitations from a data-driven evaluation of non-pharmaceutical interventions in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin Aravindakshan ◽  
Jörn Boehnke ◽  
Ehsan Gholami ◽  
Ashutosh Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Disease Propagation ◽  
Accurate Forecast ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractTo contain the COVID-19 pandemic, governments introduced strict Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPI) that restricted movement, public gatherings, national and international travel, and shut down large parts of the economy. Yet, the impact of the enforcement and subsequent loosening of these policies on the spread of COVID-19 is not well understood. Accordingly, we measure the impact of NPIs on mitigating disease spread by exploiting the spatio-temporal variations in policy measures across the 16 states of Germany. While this quasi-experiment does not allow for causal identification, each policy’s effect on reducing disease spread provides meaningful insights. We adapt the Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered model for disease propagation to include data on daily confirmed cases, interstate movement, and social distancing. By combining the model with measures of policy contributions on mobility reduction, we forecast scenarios for relaxing various types of NPIs. Our model finds that in Germany policies that mandated contact restrictions (e.g., movement in public space limited to two persons or people co-living), closure of educational institutions (e.g., schools), and retail outlet closures are associated with the sharpest drops in movement within and across states. Contact restrictions appear to be most effective at lowering COVID-19 cases, while border closures appear to have only minimal effects at mitigating the spread of the disease, even though cross-border travel might have played a role in seeding the disease in the population. We believe that a deeper understanding of the policy effects on mitigating the spread of COVID-19 allows a more accurate forecast of disease spread when NPIs are partially loosened and gives policymakers better data for making informed decisions.

scholarly journals The Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Financial Agglomeration on Green Development in China Cities Using GTWR Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6660
Author(s):  
Huaxi Yuan ◽  
Yidai Feng ◽  
Jay Lee ◽  
Haimeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Association ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Main Cluster ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Local Perspectives ◽  
Pressure State

By promoting financial agglomerations to support green development in a region is a keyway for China to resolve the sharp contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection. However, existing research only considered the promotion effect of financial agglomerations on green development, but the spatio-temporal non-stationarity of that effect has been overlooked. Using a panel data of 285 prefecture-level cities in China and based on the evaluation of green development by a Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, this paper analyzes the spatial correlation of financial agglomeration on green development. The paper also investigates the differences in the spatio-temporal influence of financial agglomeration on green development from both global and local perspectives by employing a Bivariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (BLISA) model and a Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model. The results indicate that: (1) There exists significant spatial dependency between financial agglomeration and green development from 2003 to 2015, with Low-Low (L-L) and Low-High (L-H) spatial clusters as the main cluster types. (2) From the local perspective, the promoting effect of financial agglomerations on green development has showed significant spatial heterogeneity with a gradually decreasing trend from the southeast coast to the northwest inland of China. This work can help to develop policies for supporting green development by formulating differential strategies for financial agglomerations.

Understanding the spatio-temporal influence of climate variability on Australian heatwaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 3963-3975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammas F. Loughran ◽  
Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick ◽  
Lisa V. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Spatio-Temporal Influence of Extreme Weather on a Taxi Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110038
Author(s):  
R. C. P. Wong ◽  
P. L. Mak ◽  
W. Y. Szeto ◽  
W. H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
Passenger Demand ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
System Data ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Government

Extreme weather conditions, strong gusts, and torrential rainfall threaten the safety of the general public and restrict people’s travel options. Most of the transportation modes are suspended because of safety reasons. Taxis are one of the only few available non-private transport modes to provide services to those who have urgent and unavoidable travel needs. This study uses global positioning system data collected from 460 Hong Kong urban taxis during nine ordinary and one tropical cyclone periods aiming to find out and explain the differences in relation to the percentage of taxis not in operation, the number of served passenger-trips, average time spent by vacant-taxi drivers finding a customer, and the percentage of taxi drivers in cross-district customer-search throughout the same 48 h duration. The findings show an inadequate level of taxi supply and a high passenger demand during the tropical-cyclone-affected period. Up to 80% of taxis were not in operation to serve the urgent and necessary trips. The average customer-search time for taxi drivers, which is anticipated inversely proportional to the demand for taxi rides, was very short (about 5 min). Policy measures are discussed and recommended to the government to improve the taxi services during extreme weather conditions.

scholarly journals Microsimulation based quantitative analysis of COVID-19 management strategies

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1009693
Author(s):  
István Z. Reguly ◽  
Dávid Csercsik ◽  
János Juhász ◽  
Kálmán Tornai ◽  
Zsófia Bujtár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Pandemic management requires reliable and efficient dynamical simulation to predict and control disease spreading. The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is mitigated by several non-pharmaceutical interventions, but it is hard to predict which of these are the most effective for a given population. We developed the computationally effective and scalable, agent-based microsimulation framework PanSim, allowing us to test control measures in multiple infection waves caused by the spread of a new virus variant in a city-sized societal environment using a unified framework fitted to realistic data. We show that vaccination strategies prioritising occupational risk groups minimise the number of infections but allow higher mortality while prioritising vulnerable groups minimises mortality but implies an increased infection rate. We also found that intensive vaccination along with non-pharmaceutical interventions can substantially suppress the spread of the virus, while low levels of vaccination, premature reopening may easily revert the epidemic to an uncontrolled state. Our analysis highlights that while vaccination protects the elderly from COVID-19, a large percentage of children will contract the virus, and we also show the benefits and limitations of various quarantine and testing scenarios. The uniquely detailed spatio-temporal resolution of PanSim allows the design and testing of complex, specifically targeted interventions with a large number of agents under dynamically changing conditions.

scholarly journals Spatio Temporal Influence of Isoflavonoids on Bacterial Diversity in the Soybean Rhizosphere

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. White ◽  
Karuppaiyan Jothibasu ◽  
R. Neil Reese ◽  
Volker S. Brözel ◽  
Senthil Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Composite Plants ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Temporal Profiles

High bacterial density and diversity near plant roots has been attributed to rhizodeposit compounds that serve as both energy sources and signal molecules. However, it is unclear if and how specific rhizodeposit compounds influence bacterial diversity. We silenced the biosynthesis of isoflavonoids, a major component of soybean rhizodeposits, using RNA interference in hairy-root composite plants, and examined changes in rhizosphere bacteriome diversity. We used successive sonication to isolate soil fractions from different rhizosphere zones at two different time points and analyzed denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Extensive diversity analysis of the resulting spatio temporal profiles of soybean bacterial communities indicated that, indeed, isoflavonoids significantly influenced soybean rhizosphere bacterial diversity. Our results also suggested a temporal gradient effect of rhizodeposit isoflavonoids on the rhizosphere. However, the hairy-root transformation process itself significantly altered rhizosphere bacterial diversity, necessitating appropriate additional controls. Gene silencing in hairy-root composite plants combined with successive sonication is a useful tool to determine the spatio temporal effect of specific rhizodeposit compounds on rhizosphere microbial communities.

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