Critical junctures, path dependence and Al-Nahda's contribution to the Tunisian transition to democracy

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-934
Author(s):  
Pietro Marzo
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Critical Junctures

Time in International Organizations and International Organizations in Time

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugénia C. Heldt
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Incremental Change ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Pressure Time ◽  
Multilateral System ◽  
System Time ◽  
Over Time

Time plays a central role in international organizations (IOs). Interactions among actors are embedded in a temporal dimension, and actors use formal and informal time rules, time discourses, and time pressure to obtain concessions from their counterparts. By the same token, legacies and innovations within and outside IOs can be examined as a dynamic process evolving over time. Against this background, this chapter has a twofold aim. First, it examines how actors use time in IOs with a particular focus on multilateral negotiations to justify their actions. Drawing on international relations studies and negotiation analysis, this piece explores six different dimensions of time in the multilateral system: time pressure, time discourse, time rules, time costs, time horizons, and time as a resource. Second, this chapter delineates the evolution of IOs over time with the focus on innovations that emerge to adapt their institutional system to new political and economic circumstances. This piece looks particularly at endogenous and exogenous changes in IOs, recurring to central concepts used by historical institutionalism, including path dependence, critical junctures, and sequencing. This allows us to map patterns of incremental change, such as displacement, conversion, drift, and layering.

Path Dependence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Hegmon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
General Level ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Difficult Decision ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Historical Sequences ◽  
Lock In

Path dependence concepts, thus far, have seen little application in archaeology, but they have great potential. At a general level, these concepts provide tools for theorizing historical sequences, such as patterns of settlement on a landscape and divergent historical traditions. Potential applications include issues of historical contingency in the late Rio Grande, settlement in the Mesa Verde region, and divergent trajectories in the post-Chaco period. Specific concepts from path dependence theory, including lock-in and critical junctures, are illustrated by an analysis of the growth of Hohokam irrigation, which exhibited a path-dependent trajectory. As archaeological study of path dependence builds awareness of the importance of decision-making on the future, it contributes to difficult decision-making in today’s world.

Historical Institutionalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-207
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Hom
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
International Order ◽  
Historical Institutionalism ◽  
Legacy Effects ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Problem Of Time ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Realistic View ◽  
Baseline Assumption

Chapter seven covers historical institutionalism (HI), a new approach to international institutions that embraces overtly temporal themes like sequence, path dependence, critical junctures, legacy effects, and the importance of “founding moments.” While historical institutionalists make great strides in setting institutions in motion, this chapter argues that they remain trapped by the problem of Time tradition and moreover that timing theory can help them escape. After summarizing the rise of HI against sociological and especially rationalist treatments, it uses HI accounts of institutions of the “liberal international order” to clarify the role and status of “history” in HI, to show how HI recapitulates and narratively confronts the problem of Time, and to argue that historical institutionalists unintentionally position themselves as horologists who explain institutional faults without challenging the rationalist baseline assumption that institutions should work like near-perfect cooperation mechanisms. This depoliticizes HI and hamstrings its efforts to develop a distinctive theory of institutions. However, timing theory can help by recasting institutions as collective timing projects and by embracing a more realistic view of international-institutional possibility. In turn, HI can push several concepts and insights of timing theory further, opening the possibility not only of a more thoroughly temporal account of institutions but an institutionalist perspective on timing.

Chronic Instability and the Limits of Path Dependence

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Institutionalism ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Chronic Instability ◽  
Rapid Succession ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Lock In

Historical institutionalism challenged older forms of comparative historical analysis by moving away from purely structural explanations of historical outcomes. Instead it posited that there were critical junctures in which actors chose between institutional alternatives, which in turn led to path dependence. I examine a phenomenon neglected both by historical institutionalism and older forms of historical analysis—chronic instability. Instead of institutional lock-in, some junctures lead to periods of instability in which a series of regimes replace each other in rapid succession. Three different causal mechanisms that routinely contribute to chronic instability—external shocks, changing configurations of actors, and disjuncture between the logic of change and mechanisms of reproduction—are explored in depth. The plausibility of the theory is illustrated by an examination of regime instability in Germany from the collapse of the Empire in 1918 through the founding of the Federal Republic in 1949.

scholarly journals MENGAPA PARTAI ISLAM BELUM PERNAH MENANG?: PATH DEPENDENCE REPETITION KEKALAHAN PARTAI ISLAM INDONESIA DALAM PEMILU LEGISLATIF 1955 HINGGA 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Agus Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Islamic Parties ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Islamic Party

Sociologically, Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, however no Islamic party has ever won the legislative electoral since the Old Order. There are limited research which link the defeat of Islamic parties with their own history as a context. This study uses the perspective of historical institutionalism, particularly the analysis of path dependencies and critical junctures to analyze the defeat of Indonesian Islamic parties by linking the past political decisions in a critical junctures framework. This study has two main findings. First, the defeat of Indonesian Islamic parties during 1955 to 2019 elections was the result of a causal mechanism which was related to political decisions in moments of critical junctures. The mechanism had a significant effect on the path of development of Islamic parties and led to the outcome of defeat. Second, the defeat of the Indonesian Islamic party indicates a path of dependence repetition which includes three process dependence paths triggered by three critical moments in the form of political decisions of party agents. Each resulted in a series of causal follow-up events in the aftermath of critical juncture, which were the process of reactive sequences, reinforcement or self-reinforcing sequences, as well as reinforcement or self-reinforcing sequences and reactive sequences, and put Islamic parties on a certain development path towards the final outcome of the legislative election defeat. 

scholarly journals Path Dependence Repetition Dinamika Perkembangan Partai Proto Islam Indonesia, Sarekat Islam (1911-1940)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Agus Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Islamic Party

This article aims to describe the trajectory of the development of Sarekat Islam (SI) in the pre-independence era by using path dependence analysis and critical junctures. In this context, important political decisions made by the proto-Islamic party agents will identify various alternatives determined by their antecedent conditions, as well as a series of follow-up causal events after critical junctures as path dependence patterns that lead to an outcome or outcome of the development of the SI organization. explained that there were three stages of the development of the Sarekat Islam organization, which transformed into the Sarekat Islam Party (PSI) and the Indonesian Sarekat Islam Party (PSII) which were produced by three agent decisions in moments of critical juntures, namely the stages of growth, division and decline. Key word : Critical junctures, Path dependence, the proto- Islamic party

LIBERAL TAIWAN VERSUS ILLIBERAL SOUTH KOREA: THE DIVERGENT PATHS OF ELECTION CAMPAIGN REGULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-462
Author(s):  
Jong-sung You ◽  
Jiun-Da Lin
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Incumbency Advantage ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Ruling Party ◽  
Opposition Parties

AbstractSouth Korea and Taiwan have developed very different sets of election campaign regulations. While both countries had highly restrictive campaign rules during the authoritarian era, they have diverged since democratic transition. South Korea still imposes numerous restrictions on campaigning activities, but Taiwan has removed most of the restrictions. We explore the causes of these divergent trajectories through comparative historical process tracing, focusing on critical junctures and path dependence. We find that incumbency advantage and containment of new opposition parties were the primary objectives of introducing stringent regulations under the authoritarian regimes in both countries. The key difference was that, during the democratic transition, legislators affiliated with the opposition parties as well as the ruling party in South Korea enjoyed the incumbency advantage but that opposition forces in Taiwan did not. As a result, the opposition in Taiwan fought for liberalization of campaign regulations, but the South Korean opposition did not.

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