EU Member States' Energy Relations with Russia: Conflicting Approaches to Securing Natural Gas Supplies

Geopolitics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Schmidt-Felzmann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Energy Relations

The Concept of Solidarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Bartenstein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Legal Norm ◽  
Core Concept ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Fuzzy Concept ◽  
Theoretical Part ◽  
The Eu

Solidarity is a fuzzy concept although it is a core concept of the EU historically. Aline Bartenstein's book contributes to the clarification and analysis of the concept of solidarity between EU member states. In the theoretical part, she develops a novel conceptual approach to studying solidarity that goes beyond it having a purely political declarative function and is able to capture the dynamic of solidarity as a legal norm. In the empirical part, the author applies the concept to the integration processes in the natural gas sector between 2002 and 2019. Her analysis shows that an institutionalised principle of solidarity is in the making in the EU.

scholarly journals Following, Challenging, or Shaping: Can Third Countries Influence EU Energy Policy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hofmann ◽  
Torbjørg Jevnaker ◽  
Philipp Thaler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Structural Power ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Energy Governance ◽  
Eu Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Energy Relations

Can non-EU member states influence the EU’s energy policy? The Europeanization of energy policy in third countries is often described as a one-directional process in which these countries essentially adopt the EU <em>energy acquis</em>. Our article questions this dominant view by exploring whether and how third countries can influence the formulation and implementation of EU energy policy. We argue that relative differences in third country influence depend on their access to relevant venues and actors of EU policy-making as well as their structural power resources. We develop a typology linking these two factors to the outsider, follower, challenger, or shaper roles that third countries assume in EU energy governance. We empirically probe our argument in three case studies representing different models of EU–third country cooperation. Our cases include a group of nine Southeast and East European countries (Energy Community), Switzerland (bilateral arrangements), and Norway (European Economic Area). The analysis shows that it is access and structural power which together define the extent to which third countries are able to influence the formulation of EU energy policy and customize its implementation to their domestic needs. We find that while the Energy Community members are followers in EU energy governance, Switzerland and Norway are shapers. Strikingly, the influence of these two non-EU members may occasionally even surpass that of smaller EU member states. This highlights that third countries are not merely downloading EU energy regulation but sometimes also succeed in uploading their own preferences. Our contribution has implications for the post-Brexit EU–UK energy relations and qualifies claims about EU regulatory hegemony in the wider region.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION OF EU COOPERATION WITH NORWAY IN THE FIELD OF NATURAL GAS SUPPLY

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
S. Bilotsky
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Energy Law ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Energy Package

The article examines the international legal aspect of the EU's cooperation with Norway regarding the supply of natural gas. It was investigated that this cooperation is regulated by legal acts related to different legal order. These are: 1. Bilateral and multilateral international treaties concluded by the EU and the member states with Norway; 2. Agreements concluded by the EU with Norway; 3. Acts of EU law and joint bodies with the participation of the EU and Norway; 4. Norwegian legislation and EU member states; 5. Private gas contracts concluded between the legal entities of Norway and the EU member states. The key in this sense is the Norwegian legislation, the obligations of the parties under the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) and the rules of secondary and primary law of the EU. As part of its commitment to the SES, Norway has adopted most of the EU primary energy law rules for energy in 1994, but Norway's renewal of legislation in line with the further liberalization of the European energy market is slow. So far, Norway has only included in its legislation the norms from the acts of the Second EU energy package (2003), but the latest trends in the EU energy law - from the Third Energy Package (2009) - have not yet been implemented.

scholarly journals The Eastern Baltic LNG Terminal as a Prospect to Improve Security of Regional Gas Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Kati Kõrbe Kaare ◽  
Ott Koppel ◽  
Ando Leppiman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Member States ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Supply Interruptions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Gas Supply ◽  
Eastern Baltic

One of the crucial issues in Europe at the moment is securing reliable gas supply. Achieving security of gas supply implies diversifying gas sources, while having enough supply, transportation, and storage capacity to meet demand peaks and supply interruptions. In 2013, the Baltic States still remain disintegrated from the rest of Europe in one crucial way: their natural gas infrastructure isolates them into “energy islands”. The Eastern Baltic Sea European Union (EU) member states of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are the only ones which remain isolated from the present integrated EU natural gas transmission system. The gas demand in these isolated member states is approximately ten billion cubic meters (bm3) of natural gas per year. The third energy package of EU proposes a new series of measures to promote competition and create a single European energy market. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland now for the first time have a chance to secure their energy independence by connecting their natural gas systems with those of their European allies and evolving them into market-based trading systems. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an important energy source that contributes to energy security and diversity, therefore a concept of a regional LNG terminal has been proposed. In this paper the authors give an overview of the current situation and present possible future scenarios with the development of Eastern Baltic regional LNG terminal. 2013 is a crucial time as in September the decision will be made regarding weather the regional LNG terminal will be chosen as a project of common interest in the trans-European energy networks.

EU's Three Seas Initiative will gain ground

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Member States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
High Level

Significance The leaders of twelve EU member states in Central Europe pledged to develop transport and energy connections in the region. At a business forum running back-to-back with the political gathering, US-based Linden Energy acquired a 50% stake in Bulgarian natural gas trader Overgas, signalling plans to expand to other Balkan markets. Impacts Despite strong high-level backing from the United States and EU, 3SI will struggle to generate private investment. 3SI could develop into a framework for US-EU cooperation on the green transition. Despite a new Greek interconnector, Russian Gazprom will remain Bulgaria’s leading gas supplier, accounting for two-thirds of imports.

Doing Everything You Can, but Not (yet) Getting it Right: Challenges to Brussels' Great Expectations for Water Quality1

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franca Angela Buelow
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Eu Water Framework Directive ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Water ◽  
Improve Water Quality ◽  
Governance Architecture

To arrive at a good status of all European water bodies is the main objective of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD). Since its adoption in 2000, the policy has fundamentally changed the institutional, procedural and organizational structures of Member States' water management, leading to an Europeanization of national legislation and decision-making structures. The case of WFD implementation in Schleswig-Holstein is an example of the policy's highly innovative governance architecture that unfortunately is not (yet) able to take that one last hurdle: to improve water quality and establish a good water status across EU Member States by 2015 or 2027.

BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL BASED ON MORE EFFICIENT LAND USE IN THE EU

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina PILVERE ◽  
Aleksejs NIPERS ◽  
Bartosz MICKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Green Growth ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Production Resource

Europe 2020 Strategy highlights bioeconomy as a key element for smart and green growth in Europe. Bioeconomy in this case includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and pulp and paper production, parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries and plays an important role in the EU’s economy. The growth of key industries of bioeconomy – agriculture and forestry – highly depends on an efficient and productive use of land as a production resource. The overall aim of this paper is to evaluate opportunities for development of the main sectors of bioeconomy (agriculture and forestry) in the EU based on the available resources of land. To achieve this aim, several methods were used – monographic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical analysis methods. The findings show that it is possible to improve the use of land in the EU Member States. If all the Member States reached the average EU level, agricultural products worth EUR 77 bln would be annually additionally produced, which is 19 % more than in 2014, and an extra 5 billion m3 volume of forest growing stock would be gained, which is 20 % more than in 2010.

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