scholarly journals Nonlinear Dose-Response Relationship in the Immune System following Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: Mechanisms and Implications

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 154014203908444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Zheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Radiation ◽  
Different Doses

The health effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) have been the concern of the academic spheres, regulatory bodies, governments, and the public. Among these effects, the most important is carcinogenesis. In view of the importance of immune surveillance in cancer control, the dose-response relationship of the changes in different cell types of the immune system after whole-body irradiation is analyzed on the basis of systemic data from the author's laboratory in combination with recent reports in the literature. For T lymphocytes J- or inverted J-shaped curves are usually demonstrated after irradiation, while for macrophages dose-response curves of chiefly stimulation with irregular patterns are often observed. The intercellular reactions between the antigen presenting cell (APC) and T lymphocyte (TLC) in the immunologic synapse via expression of surface molecules and secretion of cytokines by the two cell types after different doses of radiation are illustrated. The different pathways of signal transduction thus facilitated in the T lymphocyte by different doses of radiation are analyzed to explain the mechanism of the phenomenon of low-dose stimulation and high-dose suppression of immunity. Experimental and clinical data are cited to show that LDR retards tumor growth, reduces metastasis, increases the efficacy of conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as alleviates the suppression of immunity due to tumor burden. The incidence of thymic lymphoma after high-dose radiation is lowered by preexposure to low-dose radiation, and its mechanism is supposed to be related to the stimulation of anticancer immunity induced by low-dose radiation. Recent reports on lowering of standardized cancer mortality rate and all cause death rate of cohorts occupationally exposed to low-dose radiation from the US, UK, and Canada are cited.

scholarly journals Is There a Dose-Response Relationship for Heart Disease With Low-Dose Radiation Therapy?

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Chung ◽  
James R. Corbett ◽  
Jean M. Moran ◽  
Kent A. Griffith ◽  
Robin B. Marsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Radiation

scholarly journals Effects of exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation on changing platelets: a prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Yang Peng ◽  
Xinguang Zhong ◽  
Zheng Ma ◽  
Suiping He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Spline Models ◽  
Cumulative Radiation Dose

Abstract Background Numerous studies have concentrated on high-dose radiation exposed accidentally or through therapy, and few involve low-dose occupational exposure, to investigate the correlation between low-dose ionizing radiation and changing hematological parameters among medical workers. Methods Using a prospective cohort study design, we collected health examination reports and personal dose monitoring data from medical workers and used Poisson regression and restricted cubic spline models to assess the correlation between changing hematological parameters and cumulative radiation dose and determine the dose-response relationship. Results We observed that changing platelet of 1265 medical workers followed up was statistically different among the cumulative dose groups (P = 0.010). Although the linear trend tested was not statistically significant (Ptrend = 0.258), the non-linear trend tested was statistically significant (Pnon-linear = 0.007). Overall, there was a correlation between changing platelets and cumulative radiation dose (a change of βa 0.008 × 109/L during biennially after adjusting for gender, age at baseline, service at baseline, occupation, medical level, and smoking habits; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.003,0.014 × 109/L). Moreover, we also found positive first and then negative dose-response relationships between cumulative radiation dose and changing platelets by restricted cubic spline models, while there were negative patterns of the baseline service not less than 10 years (− 0.015 × 109/L, 95% CI = − 0.024, − 0.007 × 109/L) and radiation nurses(− 0.033 × 109/L, 95% CI = − 0.049, − 0.016 × 109/L). Conclusion We concluded that although the exposure dose was below the limit, medical workers exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation for a short period of time might have increased first and then decreased platelets, and there was a dose-response relationship between the cumulative radiation dose and platelets changing.

Defining hormesis: the necessary tool to clarify experimentally the low dose–response relationship

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Carelli ◽  
I Iavicoli
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Made In

The authors comment on Calabrese and Baldwin's paper ‘Defining Hormesis’, which, to date, is the first attempt to provide a definition of hormesis that goes beyond the different interpretations of this phenomenon reported in the literature. While appreciating the effort made in this study to place hormesis in a general and at the same time specific context, the authors believe some clarifications are needed as regards the quantitative features of this phenomenon. In this connection, they speculate on whether Calabrese and Baldwin think it appropriate to include hormesis assessment criteria in the document, referring in particular to those reported in a previous paper. The authors share Calabrese and Baldwin's conclusion that future experimental models designed to study hormetic phenomena must necessarily include the time factor, which not only guarantees this phenomenon will be detected, but is also able to detect the specific type of hormesis.

scholarly journals Phosphoprotein profiles of candidate markers for early cellular responses to low-dose γ-radiation in normal human fibroblast cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Hye Yim ◽  
Jung Mi Yun ◽  
Ji Young Kim ◽  
In Kyung Lee ◽  
Seon Young Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Human Fibroblast ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Normal Human Fibroblast ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Dose Radiation ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Ionizing radiation causes biological damage that leads to severe health effects. However, the effects and subsequent health implications caused by exposure to low-dose radiation are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine phosphoprotein profiles in normal human fibroblast cell lines in response to low-dose and high-dose γ-radiation. We examined the cellular response in MRC-5 cells 0.5 h after exposure to 0.05 or 2 Gy. Using 1318 antibodies by antibody array, we observed ≥1.3-fold increases in a number of identified phosphoproteins in cells subjected to low-dose (0.05 Gy) and high-dose (2 Gy) radiation, suggesting that both radiation levels stimulate distinct signaling pathways. Low-dose radiation induced nucleic acid–binding transcription factor activity, developmental processes, and multicellular organismal processes. By contrast, high-dose radiation stimulated apoptotic processes, cell adhesion and regulation, and cellular organization and biogenesis. We found that phospho-BTK (Tyr550) and phospho-Gab2 (Tyr643) protein levels at 0.5 h after treatment were higher in cells subjected to low-dose radiation than in cells treated with high-dose radiation. We also determined that the phosphorylation of BTK and Gab2 in response to ionizing radiation was regulated in a dose-dependent manner in MRC-5 and NHDF cells. Our study provides new insights into the biological responses to low-dose γ-radiation and identifies potential candidate markers for monitoring exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation.

scholarly journals Oral steroid-sparing effect of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids in asthma

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1901147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Maijers ◽  
Nethmi Kearns ◽  
James Harper ◽  
Mark Weatherall ◽  
Richard Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Oral Corticosteroid ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Adrenal Suppression ◽  
Oral Steroid ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Sparing Effect

BackgroundThe proportion of the efficacy of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma that is due to systemic effects is uncertain. This study aimed to estimate the ICS dose–response relationship for oral corticosteroid-sparing effects in oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma, and to determine the proportion of oral corticosteroid-sparing effects due to their systemic effects, based on the comparative dose–response relationship of ICS versus oral corticosteroids on adrenal suppression.MethodsSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials reporting oral corticosteroid-sparing effects of high-dose ICS in oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma. In addition, reports of oral corticosteroid to ICS dose-equivalence in terms of adrenal suppression were retrieved. The primary outcome was the proportion of the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of ICS that could be attributed to systemic absorption, per 1000 µg increase of ICS, expressed as a ratio. This ratio estimates the oral corticosteroid sparing effect of ICS due to systemic effects.Results11 studies including 1283 participants reporting oral corticosteroid-sparing effects of ICS were identified. The prednisone dose decrease per 1000 µg increase in ICS varied from 2.1 mg to 4.9 mg, depending on the type of ICS. The ratio of the prednisone-sparing effect due to the systemic effects per 1000 µg of fluticasone propionate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.68–2.08) and for budesonide was 0.93 (95% CI 0.63–1.89).ConclusionIn patients with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma, the limited available evidence suggests that the majority of the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of high-dose ICS is likely to be due to systemic effects.

The Effects of Low Dose Radiation and High-dose-rate Radiation with Amifostine in a Large-scale Mouse Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. S557
Author(s):  
M. Alcantara ◽  
D. Paunesku ◽  
T. Paunesku ◽  
A. Wahl ◽  
Y. Kataoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Dose Rate ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Mouse Study ◽  
Dose Radiation

Prolactin and survival in deionized water of the marine form (trachurus) of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Leatherland ◽  
T. J. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Optimum Range

The marine form (trachurus) of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) showed rapid mortality in deionized water in the early winter, and prolactin injection could significantly reduce this mortality although it could not completely prevent it. A single prolactin injection 24 h before transfer of fish to deionized water was apparently as effective as three prior injections (on alternate days). There was no obvious dose–response relationship. However, there appears to be an optimum range since both a low dose of 1 μg/g and a high dose of 30 μg/g were less effective than the intermediate doses which did not differ significantly amongst themselves.On the other hand, prolactin was ineffective when the fish were transferred to deionized water only 3 h after the injection. Both the solvent-injected and prolactin-injected fish in this case showed a more rapid mortality rate than the uninjected fish.When the fish were transferred 48 h after the injection, prolactin appeared to be even more effective than when the fish were transferred 24 h after the injection, but in this case slightly larger doses were apparently required.

Fertility of Tall Girls Treated With High-Dose Estrogen, A Dose-Response Relationship

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
A. E. J. Hendriks ◽  
S. L. S. Drop ◽  
J. S. E. Laven ◽  
A. M. Boot
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Tall Girls

scholarly journals ACTR-07. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES FROM INTERGROUP NCCTG 86-72-51 (ALLIANCE): FINAL REPORT OF A PHASE III PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF HIGH DOSE VERSUS LOW DOSE RADIATION IN ADULT SUPRATENTORIAL LOW-GRADE GLIOMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi13-vi14
Author(s):  
William Breen ◽  
S Keith Anderson ◽  
Xiomara Carrero ◽  
Paul Brown ◽  
Karla Ballman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Low Grade Glioma ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Tumor Diameter ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Dose Radiation

Abstract PURPOSE To provide a final update on oncologic and cognitive outcomes of high dose versus low dose radiation for low-grade glioma. METHODS Between 1986 and 1994, 203 patients with supratentorial low grade glioma were randomized to 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions versus 64.8 Gy in 36 fractions after any degree of resection. Histologic subtype was oligodendroglioma (71%) or astrocytoma (29%). Primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Cognitive status was followed using Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS For the entire cohort of 203 patients, median OS was 8.4 years (95% CI: 7.2 – 10.8). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.2 years (95% CI: 4.3 – 6.6). Median follow-up is 17.2 years for the 33 patients still alive. High-dose radiation did not improve OS (15-yr OS: 22.4% vs. 24.9%, log rank p=0.978) or PFS (15-yr PFS: 15.2% vs. 9.5%, p=0.7142). OS was significantly better for patients with pre-operative tumor diameter < 5 cm (15-yr OS: 39.4% vs. 15.2%, p< 0.001), baseline MMSE > 27 (15-yr OS: 27.3% vs. 9.8%, p=0.001), and for patients who underwent gross total resection (GTR) (15-yr OS: 39.3% GTR vs. 16.4% subtotal resection vs. 24.5% biopsy only, p=0.0119). PFS was improved for patients with oligodendroglioma versus astrocytoma (15-yr PFS: 13.8% vs. 8.6%, p=0.0221). PFS was also improved for patients with pre-operative tumor diameter < 5 cm, patients who had GTR, and patients with baseline MMSE > 27. For patients who had normal MMSE at baseline, at 7 years only 1 patient (5%) had a clinically significant decrease in MMSE from the previous time point, with the remainder (95%) stable. None had decrease in MMSE at 10, 12, or 15 years. CONCLUSIONS Long-term follow-up indicates no benefit to high-dose over low-dose radiation for low-grade gliomas. Minimal late decline in cognitive function after radiation was seen by MMSE. SUPPORT: U10CA180821,U10CA180882. https://acknowledgments.alliancefound.org

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