A Solid Organic Acid Catalyst for the Pretreatment of Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil and Biodiesel Production

The kinetics of the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in low grade crude palm oil (CPO) with methanol was studied. In this work, the effects of operational variables involved in the esterification process i.e. alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, agitation speed and the initial amount of FFA of oil, were studied in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst at concentration of 1%-w. The experimental results show that the esterification process could lead to a practical and cost effective FFA removal unit in front of typical oil transesterification for biodiesel production. The experimental results were found to fit a first-order kinetic law. The influence of temperature on the kinetic constants was determined by fitting the results to the Arrhenius equation.

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Characterization of Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Corn Oil and Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production

Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences ◽

10.37934/arfmts.86.2.136146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 136-146

Author(s):

Siti Nurul Akmal Yusof ◽

Siti Mariam Basharie ◽

Nor Azwadi Che Sidik ◽

Yutaka Asako ◽

Saiful Bahri Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Cooking Oil

Biodiesel production is the reaction of raw oils with mixing and heating within catalyst and methanol. The raw oils usually come from vegetable oils and animal fats. Vegetable oils are a promising feedstock for biodiesel production since they are renewable in nature. Nevertheless, the physical properties of biodiesel pose some acute problems when used in an unmodified engine. It is important to diesel and biodiesels because it impacts components such as the fuel pump. Therefore, this paper intends to investigate the properties of biodiesel samples in terms of viscosity, density, flash point and acid values at different bio lipids and different mixing time. The evaluation is carried out on the three types of biodiesels: crude oil, crude palm oil, corn oil, and waste cooking oil. Methanol was chosen over the others for the transesterification process because it was cheaper. The esterification process, which reduces the amount of free fatty acids in the crude oil, will be performed with the help of an acid catalyst. Alkaline catalysts, in contrast, are used for the transesterification process. The comparison of all the samples shows that CPO is the better biodiesel than the other due to the physical properties of kinematic viscosity, density and flashpoint.

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Comparative Study on Two-Step Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from High FFA Crude Palm Oil Using Microwave Technique and Conventional Technique

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.87 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 917 ◽

pp. 87-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suliana Abu Bakar ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Murni Melati Ahmad ◽

Armando T. Quitain ◽

Mitsuru Sasaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Conventional Heating ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Microwave Method ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Microwave Technique ◽

Pre Treatment

The production of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) using microwave technique is investigated and has been compared with conventional heating. Two-step biodiesel production process is applied to maximize the highest biodiesel yield in short reaction time using microwave method. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as acid catalysts is used in pre-treatment of feedstock by esterification process followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) as base catalyst for transesterification process with low methanol to oil ratio. The main purpose of the pre-treatment process is to reduce the free fatty acids (FFA) content of CPO from higher value of FFA content (>6.8%) to a minimum level for biodiesel production (<1%). Esterification and transesterification is carried out in fully instrumented and controlled microwave reactor system to get higher yield in shorter time. This two-step esterification and transesterification process showed that the maximum conversion of palm biodiesel obtained is 95.1% with the process conditions of methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature 65oC, reaction time 15min, and 2% (wt/wt) KOH amount using microwave method compared to conventional heating where the palm oil methyl ester (POME) yield obtained is 81% at the same conditions. The result showed that, the biodiesel production using microwave technique proved to be a fast and easy route to get high yields of biodiesel.

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THE PREPARATION OF MERBAU WOOD WASTE ASHBASED CATALYST AND ITS UTILIZATION FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM LOW-GRADE PALM OIL

RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.31788/rjc.2021.1426238 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (02) ◽

pp. 691-697

Author(s):

D. Santi ◽

Triyono ◽

J.V. Morin

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Wood Waste ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Low Grade

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Pengujian Association Clasification Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Minyak Sawit Sebagai Bahan Dasar Biodisel

JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA ◽

10.30865/mib.v3i4.1383 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Adi Fitra Andikos ◽

Helly Andri

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

National Economy ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Apriori Algorithm ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Acid Type ◽

Using Data

The role of oil and gas business in Indonesia has always influenced the source of revenue from the country and energy sources for the national economy. In the 1970 's to the 1990 's and mid-1990 's, it was characterized by the high dependence of the national economy on oil and gas revenues, triggering massive oil and gas-producing. Currently, Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer and exporter in the world. Palm oil is one of the roads to overcome the problem of petroleum in Indonesia. To commercialize plants is still constrained because the availability of low raw material costs very hard to get. The amalgamation of crude palm oil and crude palm sludge is one of the problems of raw materials for renewable energy production. This low-level oil has great potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. To get the maximum quality mixing required a computer method. The method used in this study is analysis study with the Association classification approach by testing Improved Apriori algorithm in mining palm oil dataset. In this research using Data Mining application so that can be used to display the information of quality improvement of palm oil acid with high quality as a biodiesel base where the information is seen from the value of support and Confidence between items. M-Apriori algorithm can not read the continous data, so it must be done transformation first, one of them using the help of discreetization technique. Crude palm oil acid type esteridication which is fatty acid levels > 60 and Abu bunches 51-100 g/mol then the quality of biodiesel with the result of rising methyl Ester increases by as much as 100% (confidence: 1). From data that is calculated manually, no relationship is found Association.

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Effects of Acid Catalyst Types and Concentrations on Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Mixed Crude Palm Oil Using Continuous Static Mixer

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1523 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 446-447 ◽

pp. 1523-1527

Author(s):

Krit Somnuk ◽

Gumpon Prateepchaikul

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Acid Value ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Static Mixer ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Mixed Crude

Free fatty acid (FFA) in mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) must be reduced to less than 1 wt.% or 2 mgKOH.g-1of acid value by the acid-catalyzed esterification process when the base-catalyzed transesterification was used to produce the biodiesel for the two-stage process. This study was to investigate the effects of acid catalyst types: sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and hydrochloric acid (HCL) at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 vol.% of acid catalyst concentration on the reduction of acid value in MCPO by the continuous static mixer. Results indicated that H2SO4has the most significant variable affecting the acid value in MCPO. The acid catalyst concentration of 1.0 and 1.5 vol.% H2SO4can reduce the acid value to less than 2 mgKOH.g-1with 15 vol.% of methanol and 5-meter in the length of static mixer, while both H3PO4and HCL could not reduce the acid value was reduced to less than 2 mgKOH.g-1. Moreover, the results clearly indicated that HCL has the lowest significance effect on the acid value reduction in MCPO by the esterification reaction.

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