Benthic Indicators of the Initial Effect of Opening a Channel

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 205-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence A. Palmer ◽  
Paul A. Montagna ◽  
Richard D. Kalke
Keyword(s):  
Initial Effect ◽  
Benthic Indicators

The Outcome Effect and Professional Skepticism: A Replication and a Failed Attempt at Mitigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Brazel ◽  
Christine Gimbar ◽  
Eldar M. Maksymov ◽  
Tammie J. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Professional Skepticism ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
Failed Attempt ◽  
Negative Outcome

ABSTRACT In this research note, we replicate Brazel, Jackson, Schaefer, and Stewart's (2016) study of how auditors evaluate skeptical behavior. Like the original study, we find that evaluators reward audit staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism and identify a misstatement (positive outcome). However, when no misstatement is identified (negative outcome), evaluators penalize staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism. One factor causing this outcome effect may be that exercising skepticism typically causes budget overages due to additional testing. Hence, we examine whether formally attributing the budget overage to skeptical judgments and actions in the audit budget file reduces outcome effects. However, while replicating the initial effect across three separate studies, we have been unable to reduce this effect. Thus, it is clear that the outcome effect in this context is very robust. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

Reward, Punishment and Reversal on a Mirror-Tracing Task

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Borresen
Keyword(s):  
Informational Content ◽  
Reward Group ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Mirror Tracing

In an attempt to “equate” punishment and reward, a situation was devised where the informational content, intensity and method of delivery were the same. On a mirror-tracing task both punishment and reward affected Ss' performance. The initial effect of punishment was more pronounced than the initial effect of reward. When Ss were told to reverse the direction of tracing, degradation of performance was less for the punished group than for the reward group.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1986 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 20-29
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Small Rise

Fuller data confirm the impression which we formed in May that OECD countries' total output did not change much in the first quarter. It probably increased by about ¼ per cent, with even this small rise attributable wholly to stock movements in the US. Final demand in the US fell and there were declines in total output in a number of countries, including Japan, Germany, Australia, the Netherlands, Switzerland and possibly Italy (for which there are conflicting estimates), white France achieved only marginal growth. The fall was notably severe in Germany, where construction suffered badly in the cold winter. This probably had a wider impact also, and, in North America at least, the initial effect of the slump in oil prices seems to have been depressive, with drilling activity sharply reduced, especially in the US. There may also have been a tendency for expenditure, perhaps on investment in particular, to be deferred in the expectation of falling prices and interest rates.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF EXCESS OF VITAMIN A

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey M. Glauert ◽  
Mary R. Daniel ◽  
J. A. Lucy ◽  
J. T. Dingle
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Site Of Action

Rabbit erythrocytes have been haemolysed by treatment with vitamin A alcohol and the sequence of changes in the fine structure of the cells during lysis has been investigated by phase contrast microscopy of intact cells and electron microscopy of thin sections. The initial effect of the vitamin, which occurs within 1 minute, is the production of cells of bizarre appearance which have a greatly increased surface area relative to untreated cells. Large indentations appear in the surfaces of the cells, and vacuoles are formed from the indentations by a process that resembles micropinocytosis. The cells then become spherical and loss of haemoglobin begins as breaks appear in the membranes of some cells; finally, ghosts are produced that are no longer spherical but still contain numerous vacuoles. These observations support the thesis that one site of action of vitamin A is at lipoprotein membranes.

scholarly journals The Initial Immune Reaction to a New Tumor Antigen Is Always Stimulatory and Probably Necessary for the Tumor's Growth

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richmond T. Prehn
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Antigen ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Induced Tumors ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
The Relationship

All nascent neoplasms probably elicit at least a weak immune reaction. However, the initial effect of the weak immune reaction on a nascent tumor is always stimulatory rather than inhibitory to tumor growth, assuming only that exposure to the tumor antigens did not antedate the initiation of the neoplasm (as may occur in some virally induced tumors). This conclusion derives from the observation that the relationship between the magnitude of an adaptive immune reaction and tumor growth is not linear but varies such that while large quantities of antitumor immune reactants tend to inhibit tumor growth, smaller quantities of the same reactants are, for unknown reasons, stimulatory. Any immune reaction must presumably be small before it can become large; hence the initial reaction to the first presentation of a tumor antigen must always be small and in the stimulatory portion of this nonlinear relationship. In mouse-skin carcinogenesis experiments it was found that premalignant papillomas were variously immunogenic, but that the carcinomas that arose in them were, presumably because of induced immune tolerance, nonimmunogenic in the animal of origin.

Can the Virginia Internet Safety Program Improve Fourth Graders' Internet Safety Knowledge?

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy McGraw ◽  
Zheng Yan ◽  
Jean Weller ◽  
Stan Bumgardner
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Educational Strategy ◽  
Online Program ◽  
Internet Safety ◽  
Safety Program ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Safety Knowledge

The Virginia Internet safety program is the first statewide educational strategy to improve children's Internet safety. It aims to improve children's Internet safety knowledge through a developmentally appropriate and highly interactive online program. To assess the initial effect of this program, 1,379 fourth graders were assessed with a questionnaire covering ten aspects of Internet safety knowledge before and after they participated in the program. Before completing the program, a majority of students were found to have a substantial knowledge of Internet safety in eight of the ten aspects; however, less than half of the students chose the safe responses to two aspects and a noticeable number chose the “unsafe” answers, including 50 students who planned to meet strangers in person. After completing the program, students were found to improve their Internet safety knowledge significantly in nine of the ten aspects. However, 34 students still held the most risky attitude, planning to meet strangers in person.

scholarly journals Aprotinin protects platelets against the initial effect of cardiopulmonary bypass

1990 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem van Oeveren ◽  
Marcel P. Harder ◽  
Klaas J. Roozendaal ◽  
Leon Eijsman ◽  
Charles R.H. Wildevuur
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Initial Effect

Propaganda and Protest in Autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272097509
Author(s):  
Erin Baggott Carter ◽  
Brett L. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Popular Protest ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Temporal Persistence ◽  
Over Time

Does propaganda reduce the rate of popular protest in autocracies? To answer this question, we draw on an original dataset of state-run newspapers from thirty countries, encompassing six languages and over four million articles. We find that propaganda diminishes the rate of protest, and that its effects persist over time. By increasing the level of pro-regime propaganda by one standard deviation, autocrats have reduced the odds of protest the following day by 15%. The half-life of this effect is between five and ten days, and very little of the initial effect persists after one month. This temporal persistence is remarkably consistent with campaign advertisements in democracies.

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