Managing pressure at the free-throw line: Perceptions of elite basketball players

Compression garments can enhance performance and promote recovery in athletes. Different body coverage with compression garments may impose distinct effects on kinematic movement mechanics and thus basketball free-throw accuracy. The objective of this study was to examine basketball free-throw shooting accuracy, consistency and the range of motion of body joints while wearing upper-, lower- and full-body compression garments. Twenty male basketball players performed five blocks of 20 basketball free-throw shooting trials in each of the following five compression garment conditions: control-pre, top, bottom, full (top + bottom) and control-post. All conditions were randomized except pre- and post-control (the first and last conditions). Range of motion of was acquired by multiple inertial measurement units. Free-throw accuracy and the coefficient of variation were also analyzed. Players wearing upper-body or full-body compression garments had significantly improved accuracy by 4.2% and 5.9%, respectively (p < 0.05), but this difference was not observed with shooting consistency. Smaller range of motion of head flexion and trunk lateral bending (p < 0.05) was found in the upper- and full-body conditions compared to the control-pre condition. These findings suggest that an improvement in shooting accuracy could be achieved by constraining the range of motion through the use of upper-body and full-body compression garments.

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CHANGE OF HIPS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO FREE THROW IN WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Journal of Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70462-1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. S471

Author(s):

J-G Lee

Keyword(s):

Pressure Distribution ◽

Wheelchair Basketball ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Free Throw

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The Effects of Centering on the Free-Throw Shooting Performance of Young Athletes

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.23.1.118 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 118-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Karen Haddad ◽

Patsy Tremayne

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Multiple Baseline ◽

Single Subject ◽

Psychological Skills ◽

Young Athletes ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Baseline Design ◽

Free Throw ◽

Sydney Australia

The present study investigated the effectiveness of a centering breath on the free throw shooting percentage of young athletes age 10–11 years. A convenience sample was used involving young representative basketball players (juniors who were trialed, selected, and identified as the most talented basketball players in their age group). They consisted of 2 females and 3 males (M = 10 years and 7 months, SD = 6months), from a basketball stadium located in Sydney, Australia. The participants trained at least twice a week and played representative games against other metropolitan associations on the weekends. A single subject multiple-baseline design was used, and through the use of visual inspection the centering breath was shown to be a useful tool for improving all participants’ performance to varying degrees. The findings indicate that it may be advantageous to explore the effectiveness of centering or other psychological skills in a variety of sport skills (closed versus open), and for children of different age groups.

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The Effects of Goal-Setting and Imagery Training Programs on the Free-Throw Performance of Female Collegiate Basketball Players

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.10.4.382 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 382-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Bart S. Lerner ◽

Andrew C. Ostrow ◽

Michael T. Yura ◽

Edward F. Etzel

Keyword(s):

Goal Setting ◽

Multiple Baseline ◽

Single Subject ◽

Personal Goals ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Baseline Phase ◽

Free Throw ◽

Imagery Training ◽

Intervention Goal ◽

Collegiate Basketball

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of goal-setting and imagery programs, as well as a combined goal-setting and imagery training program, on the free-throw performance among female collegiate basketball players over the course of an entire season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject A-B-A design was employed in which participants were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: (a) goal-setting (n = 4), (b) imagery (n = 4), or (c) goal-setting and imagery (n = 4). Free-throw data were collected during practice sessions. Data were examined by way of changes in mean, level, trend, latency, and variability between baseline and intervention, and then between intervention and a second baseline phase. Three participants in the goal-setting program, and one participant in the goal-setting and imagery program, increased their mean free-throw performance from baseline to intervention. However, three participants in the imagery program decreased their mean free-throw performance from baseline to intervention. Goal discrepancy scores also were investigated. A positive correlation was found between participants’ free-throw performance and personal goals.

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Using Traditional and Paradoxical Imagery Interventions with Reactant Intramural Athletes

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.11.2.175 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 175-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jennifer E. Carter ◽

Anita E. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Mental Imagery ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Psychological Reactance ◽

Moderating Effect ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Free Throw ◽

College Basketball ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Somatic State ◽

And Control

This study explored the moderating effect of psychological reactance on the success of traditional and paradoxical mental imagery treatments that were aimed at reducing anxiety in athletes. Intramural college basketball players (N = 73) were recruited through advertisements for a free-throw contest, and their anxiety and free-throw performance were measured following treatment in one of three groups: confidence imagery, paradoxical imagery, or control. As predicted, in the paradoxical condition, high-reactant athletes reported having significantly lower somatic state anxiety and significantly higher state self-confidence than did low-reactant athletes. In contrast, high- and low-reactant athletes did not differ in their anxiety scores in both the confidence imagery and control conditions. Results suggested that reactance does moderate the effect of the success of traditional and paradoxical imagery treatments for reducing athletes’ anxiety.

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Short- and long-term effects of using shooting straps on free-throw accuracy of young female basketball players

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.49.2.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 225-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miguel-Ángel Gómez ◽

Jaime Sampaio

Keyword(s):

Basketball Player ◽

Control Group ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Intervention Training ◽

Free Throw ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

One Year ◽

Experimental Group

This study identified the short- and long-term effects of using a shooting strap on the accuracy of freethrows performed by U15 female basketball players during training and competition. Thirty six female<br>basketball player volunteers (aged 14.3±0.5 years) from the Lithuanian Schoolchildren Basketball League were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group used a shooting strap that immobilized movements of the supporting hand while shooting. The control group performed freethrows without any training aid. Learning and transfer of performance was assessed before and after the intervention training sessions (4-week intervention program applied 4 times per week), and on a retention test after one year. Results showed that: (a) free-throw accuracy was higher after one month and after one year of intervention than before the intervention training program in both practice and competition; (b) the experimental group scored better in practice and competition than the control group after one month and one year of the intervention; and (c) free-throw accuracy was higher during training sessions than during competition. The identified short-term and long-term improvements in free-throw shooting accuracy support the usage of shooting straps. The use of shooting straps and external assisting devices might allow adjusting programs of training to provide fluent free-throw accuracy progresses from youth to senior categories.

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Effects of a Target RIM on Basketball Shooting Accuracy

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1987.64.3.863 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 863-866

Author(s):

Larry A. Sage

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Men's Basketball ◽

Free Throw ◽

Basketball Game ◽

Eastern Washington ◽

Washington University ◽

Selection Of ◽

Better Than ◽

Basketball Shooting

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a basketball target rim on free-throw and field-goal shooting accuracy. The target rims employed in this study were different from regular rims as the apparatus that connects the target rim to the backboard was painted a neutral color. Subjects included all of the 1984–85 Eastern Washington University men's basketball players and the other players on 10 basketball teams who played games with the Eastern Washington University men's basketball team in the 1984–85 season. Practice statistics were kept in all EWU shooting situations, drills as well as scrimmages. Individual game statistics of the entire basketball game were made for the 10 games in which the target rims were used. A random selection of combined free-throw and field-goal shooting accuracy taken during the practice sessions showed that shooting percentage on the target rim was noticeably higher than the shooting percentage on the regular rim. The shooting accuracy of the EWU team and the visiting teams during game competition showed that accuracy of field-goal shooting on the target rim was significantly better than on the regular rim but not for free-throw accuracy. The target rim may improve shooting accuracy and influence total scoring in basketball.

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