How subjective economic status matters: the reference-group effect on migrants’ settlement intention in urban China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Chenglong Wang ◽  
Jianfa Shen
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Group Effect

Reference Group Effect

2020 ◽  
pp. 4342-4344
Author(s):  
Christoph Schild ◽  
Karolina Ścigała ◽  
Ingo Zettler
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect

scholarly journals Decomposing inequality in catastrophic health expenditure for self-reported hypertension household in Urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013: two waves’ cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e023033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Si ◽  
Zhongliang Zhou ◽  
Min Su ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xin Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectiveDespite the latest wave of China’s healthcare reform initiated in 2009 has achieved unprecedented progress in rural areas, little is known for specific vulnerable groups’ catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in urban China. This study aims to estimate the trend of incidence, intensity and inequality of CHE in hypertension households (households with one or more than one hypertension patient) in urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013.MethodsBased on the fourth and the fifth National Health Service Surveys of Shaanxi, we identified 460 and 1289 households with hypertension in 2008 and 2013, respectively for our analysis. We classified hypertension households into two groups: simplex households (with hypertension only) and mixed households (with hypertension plus other non-communicable diseases). CHE would be identified if out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure was equal to or higher than 40% of a household’s capacity to pay. Concentration index and its decomposition based on Probit regressions were employed to measure the income-related inequality of CHE.ResultsWe find that CHE occurred in 11.2% of the simplex households and 22.1% of the mixed households in 2008, and the 21.5% of the simplex households and the 46.9% of mixed households incurred CHE in 2013. Furthermore, there were strong pro-poor inequalities in CHE in the simplex households (−0.279 and −0.283) and mixed households (−0.362 and −0.262) both in 2008 and 2013. The majority of observed inequalities in CHE could be associated with household economic status, household head’s health status and having elderly members.ConclusionWe find a sharp increase of CHE occurrence and the sustained strong pro-poor inequalities for simplex and mixed households in urban Shaanxi Province of China from 2008 to 2013. Our study suggests that more concerns are needed for the vulnerable groups such as hypertension households in urban areas of China.

scholarly journals Household fuel choice in urban China: evidence from panel data

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bing Zhang ◽  
Sied Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Correlated Random Effects ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Generalized Ordered Probit

AbstractUsing eight rounds of household survey data that span two decades, this paper analyzes the determinants of household fuel choice in urban China. Using the correlated random effects generalized ordered probit model, the authors find that household fuel choice in urban China is related to fuel prices, households’ economic status and size and household head's gender and education. The results suggest that policies and interventions that increase households’ income, reduce the price advantage of dirty fuels (e.g., taxing coal) and empower women in the household are of great significance in encouraging the use of clean energy sources.

Does foreign investment liberalisation enhance women's economic status? Micro‐evidence from urban China

World Economy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 3404-3429
Author(s):  
Linhui Yu ◽  
Junsen Zhang ◽  
Yanbing Wen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Urban China

The Reference Group Effect

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1205-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Van de gaer ◽  
Aletta Grisay ◽  
Wolfram Schulz ◽  
Eveline Gebhardt
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect

What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect.

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Heine ◽  
Darrin R. Lehman ◽  
Kaiping Peng ◽  
Joe Greenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Cultural Comparisons

THE CERTAINTY OF PUNISHMENT: A REFERENCE GROUP EFFECT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL FORM

Criminology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANG YU ◽  
ALLEN E. LISKA
Keyword(s):  
Functional Form ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect

scholarly journals ‘Relative Social Standing’: Reference Group Effect on Wealth Accumulation – An Experimental Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 767-783
Author(s):  
Boon-Lian Poh ◽  
Nor Ghani Md Nor ◽  
Jamal Othman ◽  
Mansor Jusoh
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference

This study intends to find the effect of reference group influence on wealth accumulation using a lab experiment. Specifically, it seeks to find the link between the scores of the participants in the experiment and the effect of comparison with their chosen referents. The effect of comparison with reference group that contributes to wealth accumulation is termed ‘Relative Social Standing’. 220 university students were recruited and assigned randomly to treatment or control group. A game is used as the activity to produce a measurable outcome which is the number of coins obtained. The treatment group was allowed to view the scores of coins obtained by their referents before the game while the control group did not view any score of others. The difference of outcome between these two groups are attributed to the intervention of viewing others’ scores which creates the effect of comparison. The total amount of coins accumulated in the experiment represents wealth accumulation. The findings showed that the effect of intervention is statistically significant, and there is a negative correlation between the change in score and the effect of comparison. This study gauged the effect of reference group using an experimental approach instead of conventional self-reporting questionnaires.

scholarly journals Comparability of Self–Reported Conscientiousness across 21 Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mõttus ◽  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Helle Pullmann ◽  
Jérôme Rossier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Anchoring Vignettes ◽  
Cross National

In cross–national studies, mean levels of self–reported phenomena are often not congruent with more objective criteria. One prominent explanation for such findings is that people make self–report judgements in relation to culture–specific standards (often called the reference group effect), thereby undermining the cross–cultural comparability of the judgements. We employed a simple method called anchoring vignettes in order to test whether people from 21 different countries have varying standards for Conscientiousness, a Big Five personality trait that has repeatedly shown unexpected nation–level relationships with external criteria. Participants rated their own Conscientiousness and that of 30 hypothetical persons portrayed in short vignettes. The latter type of ratings was expected to reveal individual differences in standards of Conscientiousness. The vignettes were rated relatively similarly in all countries, suggesting no substantial culture–related differences in standards for Conscientiousness. Controlling for the small differences in standards did not substantially change the rankings of countries on mean self–ratings or the predictive validities of these rankings for objective criteria. These findings are not consistent with mean self–rated Conscientiousness scores being influenced by culture–specific standards. The technique of anchoring vignettes can be used in various types of studies to assess the potentially confounding effects of reference levels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Living space and psychological well-being in urban China: Differentiated relationships across socio-economic gradients

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Hu ◽  
Rory Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Family Wealth

Western research has shown that a shortage of living space is associated with poor psychological well-being. By contrast, norms and practices of extended family co-residence, collectivist social organization, and a bureaucratic quota-based housing allocation system were thought to limit the adverse psychological effects of cramped dwelling conditions in pre-reform China. As these buffers may be weakening with the dramatic housing reforms, socio-economic, and cultural changes taking place in post-reform urban China, we use data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies ( N = 13,367) to re-examine the relationship between living space and psychological well-being in contemporary Chinese cities. In particular, we examine the ways in which this relationship is moderated by family wealth and community poverty in order to explore how subjective experiences of dwelling space are shaped by one’s relative socio-economic position. The results show that cramped living conditions are significantly associated with poor psychological well-being in post-reform urban China. Importantly, the psychological implications of cramped dwellings may vary with family and particularly community socio-economic status as this association tends to be stronger among more affluent families and communities than among those that are more impoverished. Taken together the findings indicate that uneven socio-economic development, segmented cultural change, and drastic housing reforms within China’s cities may be interacting to configure people’s housing experiences and health outcomes.

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