scholarly journals Evaluation of an equation for predicting metabolisable energy concentration in compound feeds for pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter ◽  
Andreas Berk ◽  
Martin Schäffler ◽  
Hubert Spiekers ◽  
Sven Dänicke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Effects of season and time since defoliation on the nutritive characteristics of three irrigated perennial pasture species in northern Victoria 1. Energy, protein and fibre

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The study reported here compared the nutritive characteristics of the 3 most common irrigated perennial pasture species grown in northern Victoria as they regrew after defoliation at various times during the year. In addition, the relative influence of changes to the proportions of morphological components and the nutritive characteristics of the individual components on the quality of whole plants was examined. The nutritive characteristics of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Ellet) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) were examined at weekly intervals on 4 occasions during spring–autumn, 1993–94. On each occasion, pastures were defoliated with a drum mower and allowed to regrow for up to 9 weeks; defoliation dates were 24 September, 26 November, 28 January and 25 March. The variation in estimated metabolisable energy [obtained from in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility], crude protein and detergent fibre concentrations within species was significantly (P<0.01) less than between clover and the grasses. White clover was consistently high in metabolisable energy (9.3–11.2 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (17.7–27.7% DM), and low in neutral detergent fibre (27.8–39.8% DM) in all periods. At the other extreme, paspalum had a metabolisable energy content that peaked at 9.3 MJ/kg DM, and fell as low as 7.4 MJ/kg DM. Paspalum also had low protein (7.5–14.7% DM) and very high neutral detergent fibre (61.9–69.9% DM) concentrations. Ryegrass varied greatly in metabolisable energy concentration between the 4 periods, being high in autumn (average of 10.2 MJ/kg DM) and low in summer–autumn (average of 8.4 MJ/kg DM). Metabolisable energy apart, there were few differences in the crude protein and detergent fibre contents of ryegrass and paspalum. Perennial ryegrass is generally considered a superior feed to paspalum, but the data indicate this is not always the case under irrigation in northern Victoria. The nutritive characteristics of the plant fractions (leaf, stem, dead, inflorescence) were analysed separately to give an indication of the limits to selection by grazing cows. Differences in metabolisable energy between leaf and stem in both white clover and perennial ryegrass suggested that grazing dairy cows could consume a pasture diet which is likely to be slightly higher in energy than that in the herbage on offer. With paspalum, this is unlikely to be the case because differences in energy content between plant parts were small. However, with all species, cows should be able to consume herbage that is significantly higher in protein, and lower in detergent fibre, than that on offer because of differences in their concentrations in leaf and stem. The nutritive characteristics of morphological components of each species remained relatively constant throughout the study. Therefore, it would seem that it is the proportions of these fractions in the plant, together with severity of grazing, that will largely determine the degree of selection that can occur.

Changes in nutritive characteristics associated with plant height, and nutrient selection by dairy cows grazing four perennial pasture grasses

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
D. Bullen ◽  
C. Hutcheson ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
M. H. Deighton
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Nutrient Selection ◽  
Selection Differentials

Previous research has documented nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass-based pastures and subsequent nutrient-selection differentials when dairy cows graze such pastures, but there has been little comparable research on alternative pasture grasses. The aim of the present study was to compare the pre-grazing nutritive characteristics of four perennial grasses, how nutrients vary with plant height, and selection differentials achieved by dairy cows grazing these grasses in late winter and late spring. The study utilised an established field experiment, with four replicates of monoculture swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.), in western Gippsland, Victoria. Eighty individual tillers per replicate were sampled to ground level immediately pre- and post-grazing in late winter (July–August, vegetative tillers only) and late spring (November–December, vegetative and reproductive tillers sampled separately), dissected into three height categories (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10+ cm) and analysed for nutritive characteristics. For vegetative tillers in both seasons, perennial ryegrass had the highest estimated metabolisable energy concentration and lowest neutral detergent fibre concentration of all species. In spring, reproductive tillers had consistently lower nutritive characteristics than did vegetative tillers. Selection differentials, calculated as the ratio of nutritive characteristics selected by the herd to that available pre-grazing, showed that cows selected herbage with higher crude protein concentration but there was little evidence for selection of higher metabolisable energy concentration. The selection differentials reflected the vertical distribution of nutrients in the tillers. The present results have provided new information to assist in developing grazing guidelines for alternative perennial grasses.

The nutritive characteristics of herbage consumed by grazing dairy cows affect milk yield responses obtained from concentrate supplementation

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Marginal Returns

The results of 7 experiments, conducted during 1994–95 (year 1) and 1995–96 (year 2) at the Kyabram Dairy Centre in northern Victoria, were collated to test the hypothesis that nutritive characteristics of the herbage consumed by dairy cows will affect responses to concentrates. In 6 experiments, lactating Friesian cows grazing irrigated perennial pastures were either unsupplemented or were offered 5 kg DM/cow.day of a high energy concentrate (pellets comprised of 75% barley and 25% wheat); in the other experiment, cows received 0 and 3 kg DM/cow.day. Four experiments, each of 5 weeks duration, were completed during year 1, and 3 experiments of 4 weeks duration were conducted during year 2. The mean metabolisable energy concentration of the herbage consumed in each experiment varied with season, being highest in spring (10.1–11.3 MJ/kg DM), and lowest from summer to early autumn (8.3–9.0 MJ/kg DM). It is suggested that milk responses attributed to feeding high energy supplements were influenced by characteristics of the herbage eaten in conjunction with the supplement. The highest marginal responses to concentrate supplementation occurred in summer and early autumn when pastures, which were dominated by paspalum and other poor quality species, were low in energy. Responses at that time (≥1.0 kg milk per kg DM of concentrates) were greater than in spring (≤0.6 kg milk/kg DM). A significant negative relationship existed between marginal returns of fat-corrected milk and metabolisable energy concentration of the herbage consumed (100R2 = 80.6) and several published data sets provided support for this result. Possible reasons for this outcome, including variations in substitution between experiments, confounding with stage of lactation, variable partitioning of nutrients and imbalances in dietary crude protein and neutral detergent fibre, were examined. Of these explanations, fibre insufficiency in spring appeared the most probable. The possibility that the lower marginal returns in spring are associated with fibre insufficiency requires further investigation.

Prediction of metabolisable energy concentration of fresh grass – which digestibility variable is better, organic matter or energy?

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 86-86
Author(s):  
T Yan ◽  
C P Ferris ◽  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Accurate prediction of the ME concentration of fresh grass is vital in developing appropriate feeding regimes for grazing animals. While AFRC (1993) proposed an equation to calculate grass ME concentration from digestible OM in total DM (DOMD), the accuracy of this approach has been questioned (Yan and Agnew, 2004). The objective of the present study was to develop a prediction method for ME concentration of fresh grass from nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary metabolisable energy concentration and physical form of the diet on the performance of growing rabbits

1980 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-434
Author(s):  
D. H. MACHIN ◽  
Catherine BUTCHER ◽  
E. OWEN ◽  
M. BRYANT ◽  
J. E. OWEN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

scholarly journals Estimated metabolizable energy yields of perennial and annual grass swards compared with those of spring barley and oat

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. NIEMELÄINEN ◽  
M. KONTTURI ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grass Sward

The dry matter yields of cultivar trials (from 1976 to 1998 at 15 sites in Finland) of perennial grass sward (meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) cv. Boris), annual grass sward (Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cv. Barmultra and Mitos), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Otra, Arra, Arve) and oat (Avena sativa cv. Veli) were used to estimate metabolisable energy yields (MEY) by using the feeds metabolisable energy concentration values (MJ/kg DM) from ruminant feed tables. Harvest index (HI) of barley and oat was set to 50%, and straw yields and whole crop cereal silage (WCCS) yields were generated from grain yields accordingly. The MEY in the third year of perennial grass (81.4 GJ/ha) was significantly lower than that in the first (90.0 GJ/ha) and second years (90.7 GJ/ha). However, on average, the one to three year old perennial grass-swards had significantly higher MEY than the annual grass swards (87.7 vs. 83.3 GJ/ha, respectively). The MEYs of perennial and annual grass swards were substantially higher than the MEY of barley grain (52.7 GJ/ha) and oat grain (47. 8 GJ/ha). When the total herbage of cereals, i.e. straw and grain, was used in the calculations, at a ME value of 6.0 MJ/ kg dry matter (DM) for straw, the MEY of barley rose to 75.8 GJ/ha and that of oat to 72.6 GJ/ha. Additionally, the MEY of barley was estimated in the WCCS production situation by converting total herbage to MEY by using ME value 9.9 MJ/kg DM. The MEY of barley in the WCCS calculations was 77.4 GJ/ha, which was significantly lower than the MEY of annual and perennial grass swards. The MEY of barley was a) 60%, b) 86%, and c) 88% of the average MEY of one to three year old perennial grass sward when the MEY of barley was calculated according to a) grain, b) grain + straw, and c) whole crop cereal silage. Perennial grass sward was the most productive of the studied crops in metabolisable energy production for ruminants.

The relationship between metabolisable energy concentration and nutrient digestibility in grass silages offered to sheep at maintenance

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
T. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Feeding Systems

The energy feeding systems used for dairy cows recommend that the metabolisable energy (ME) concentration of a feed at maintenance feeding level is calculated from its digestible nutrients. The objective of the present study was to develop equations to calculate the ME concentration from digestibility data for grass silages

scholarly journals A practitioner's guide to pasture quality

2000 ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Lambert ◽  
A.J. Litherland
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Pasture quality has a major effect on performance of grazing animals. Intake and nutritive value of pasture are major determinants of liveweight gain, milk production, health and reproductive performance of livestock. Digestibility and metabolisable energy concentration are the two most commonly used measures of nutritive value in New Zealand. In some situations protein, soluble carbohydrate, and mineral and trace element concentrations are also important. Fungal toxins, parasite larvae or other deleterious compounds lower pasture quality by compromising animal health. Potential intake of high nutritive value herbage is also greater because of rapid speed of passage through the animal. The major determinants of nutritive value are botanical and morphological composition, the environment in which the pasture is growing, and the regrowth period (i.e., herbage age). Legume leaf has higher nutritive value than grass leaf, leaf has higher quality than stem, and dead material has very low quality. Herbage grown at cooler times of the year has higher nutritive value than when grown in warmer conditions, and quality declines with age more slowly. Grass leaf declines in nutritive value as it ages, as does stem to an even greater extent. Soil moisture has only minor direct effects on nutritive value. Fertiliser application has direct effects such as increasing protein (by fertiliser nitrogen use) or trace element concentrations (if added to the fertiliser). It also has indirect effects through changing botanical and morphological composition. Keywords: digestibility, metabolisable energy, nutritive value, pasture quality

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