Opposite Aftereffects for Chinese and Caucasian Faces are Selective for Social Category Information and not Just Physical Face Differences

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1457-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Jaquet ◽  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
William G. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Physical Distance ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Visual Coding ◽  
Category Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Race Category

Opposite changes in perception (aftereffects) can be simultaneously induced for faces from different social categories—for example, Chinese and Caucasian faces. We investigated whether these aftereffects are generated in high-level face coding that is sensitive to the social category information in faces, or in earlier visual coding sensitive to simple physical differences between faces. We caricatured the race of face stimuli and created face continua ranging from caricatured Caucasian faces (SuperCaucasian) to caricatured Chinese faces (SuperChinese). Participants were adapted to oppositely distorted faces that were a fixed physical distance apart on the morph continua. Larger opposite aftereffects were found following adaptation to faces from different race categories (e.g., contracted Chinese and expanded Caucasian faces), than for faces that were the same physical distance apart on the morph continua, but were within a race category (e.g., contracted SuperChinese and expanded Chinese faces). These results suggest that opposite aftereffects for Chinese and Caucasian faces reflect the recalibration of face neurons tuned to high-level social category information.

scholarly journals Feminist approach to geriatric care: comprehensive geriatric assessment, diversity and intersectionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merle Weßel
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Testing ◽  
Geriatric Assessment ◽  
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social

AbstractDespite being a collection of holistic assessment tools, the comprehensive geriatric assessment primarily focuses on the social category of age during the assessment and disregards for example gender. This article critically reviews the standardized testing process of the comprehensive geriatric assessment in regard to diversity-sensitivity. I show that the focus on age as social category during the assessment process might potentially hinder positive outcomes for people with diverse backgrounds of older patients in relation to other social categories, such as race, gender or socio-economic background and their influence on the health of the patient as well as the assessment and its outcomes. I suggest that the feminist perspective of intersectionality with its multicategorical approach can enhance the diversity-sensitivity of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, and thus improve the treatment of older patients and their quality of life. By suggesting an intersectional-based approach, this article contributes to debates about justice and diversity in medical philosophy and advocates for the normative value of diversity in geriatric medicine.

Features of the Social Status of the Rayats in the Kaitag Domain of Dagestan in the Middle of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
T.Ch. Dzhabaeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article considers the dependent social categories of the population that existed in the mountainous possessions of Middle and Southern Dagestan in the middle of the 19th century, but occupied an unequal property and legal position in the system of productive forces. This was a consequence of their different origins and features of natural and geographical conditions. Even within individual feudal domains, the rayats of different villages served different duties. The range and volume of duties of the rayats to their feudal lords was quite extensive and voluminous. This was especially evident in the Kaitag domain of Dagestan, where their position in terms of exploitation brought them closer to the serfs of Russia. However, with all the duties performed by the rayats in relation to the becks, they could not be called serfs. The article examines the categories of the dependent class of rayats in the Lower Kaitag, the sources of their formation, and various levels of feudal dependence. On the basis of archival material, all types of duties of the Lower Kaitag rayats are analyzed, however, despite their severity, there are signs of a lack of complete enslavement of this social category.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ásta
Keyword(s):  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Do So ◽  
Analytic Metaphysics

The author introduces the project and methodology of the book, which is to give a metaphysics of social categories from a feminist analytic metaphysics perspective. To engage in such a project is to address the question what a social category is and how it is created and sustained. The author discusses her strategy in giving a metaphysics of social categories and explains what it is to do so as a feminist. The author’s strategy in giving a metaphysics of social categories is to give a theory of the social properties of individuals that define the categories. To engage in such a project as a feminist is to take oneself to be accountable in one’s theorizing to feminists and their allies engaged in other liberatory projects.

scholarly journals Stereotip pada Masyarakat Padangbolak dan Mandailing di Desa Pargarutan Julu Kecamatan Angkola Timur Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni Harahap ◽  
Payerli Pasaribu
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Approach

The purpose of this study was to find out the perceptions, impacts and barriers of communication on the social relations of Padangbolak people and Mandailing people with other tribes with the nickname of the gutgut ni halak, Padang, and the Mandailing halak for the Padangbolak people and the Mandailing people towards the nickname of the Halak Mandailing colony. To achieve this goal, this study uses a descriptive approach research method with research subjects namely Padangbolak and Mandailing people who settled in Pargarutan Julu Village, Angkola Timur sub-district, South Tapanuli district, by conducting direct observations in the field and conducting interviews determined through Purposive sampling that is to determine the informant intentionally by using the criteria set by the researcher. The results of the study show that the stereotypes are formed by social categories which are individual efforts to understand their social environment. In other words, when individuals face so many people around them, individuals will look for similarities between certain people and group them into one category. But in turn this social category actually affects the perspective of someone who has been included in the group.

Linguistic Bias

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camiel J. Beukeboom ◽  
Christian Burgers
Keyword(s):  
Word Choice ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
Language Abstraction ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Biased Language ◽  
Behavioral Information ◽  
Incongruent Information

Social categorization and stereotypes play a pervasive and fundamental role in social perception, judgment, and interaction. Although stereotypes are functional by allowing us to make sense of our complex social environment, their use can promote prejudice and discrimination when individuals are treated based on generic stereotypic expectancies, rather than on available individuating information. Prejudice and discrimination emerge from generalized (negative) stereotypic associations that people hold about social categories. These stereotypes become socially shared within (sub)cultures through communications about categorized people and their behavior. Research on biased language use reveals the communicative and linguistic processes through which stereotypes are formed and maintained. When communicating about other people and their behavior, our language echoes the existing stereotypic expectancies we have with categorized individuals (often without our conscious awareness). A linguistic bias is defined as a systematic asymmetry in word choice that reflects the social-category cognitions that are applied to the described group or individual(s). Three types of biases are distinguished in the literature that reveal, and thereby maintain, social-category cognitions and stereotypes. First, when labeling individuals, the types of category labels that we choose reflect existing social category cognitions. Second, once target individuals are labeled as members of a category, people tend to communicate predominantly stereotype-congruent information (rather than incongruent information). Third, research has revealed several biases in how we formulate information about categorized individuals. These formulation differences (e.g., in language abstraction, explanations, use of negations, irony) subtly reveal whether a target’s behavior was stereotypically expected or not. Behavioral information that is in line with social-category knowledge (i.e., stereotype-consistent) is formulated differently compared to incongruent information (i.e., stereotype-inconsistent). In addition, when communicating with individuals we have categorized in a given social category, our language may subtly reveal the stereotypic expectancies we have about our conversation partners. It is important to be aware of these stereotype maintaining biases as they play an important role in consensualizing both benevolent and harmful stereotypes about social categories.

“Youth” as a Discursive Construct

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-152
Author(s):  
Sarah Hillewaert
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Presentation Of Self ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dot Com

This chapter picks up the discourses on change introduced in the foregoing chapter, but zooms in on the discursive construction of “youth” as a recently emerging category of social identification. Through the analysis of Lamu residents’ discourses on change, we see the social category of youth materialize as either enslaved to their longing for Western modernity (with explicit comparisons of youth to slaves) or as the “dot com” generation that has access to a range possibilities previously unreachable for their parents. The analysis of these discourses also demonstrates how differently positioned social actors read and evaluate verbal and non-verbal practices and link them to newly emerging social categories. Such reading of material signs and their explicit incorporation in evaluations of youth already hints at how young people are able to strategically use details of dress, smell, gaze, or stride in the presentation of self.

What “Race” Cannot Tell Us about Access to Kidney Transplantation

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISA J. GORDON
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social

Despite a growing awareness within American biomedicine and bioethics that the social category “race” is of limited use in describing patients, some fields of medicine continue to use it interchangeably with, or instead of, the term “ethnicity.” Doing so reflects the assumption that social categories have a basis in physiology.

scholarly journals Category-Sensitive Actions in Interaction

2020 ◽  
pp. 019027252094459
Author(s):  
Giovanni Rossi ◽  
Tanya Stivers
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
The Social

This article is concerned with how social categories (e.g., wife, mother, sister, tenant, guest) become visible through the actions that individuals perform in social interaction. Using audio and video recordings of social interaction as data and conversation analysis as a method, we examine how individuals display their rights or constraints to perform certain actions by virtue of occupying a certain social category. We refer to actions whose performance is sensitive to membership in a certain social category as category-sensitive actions. Most of the time, the social boundaries surrounding these actions remain invisible because participants in interaction typically act in ways that are consistent with their social status and roles. In this study, however, we specifically examine instances where category boundaries become visible as participants approach, expose, or transgress them. Our focus is on actions with relatively stringent category sensitivity such as requests, offers, invitations, or handling one’s possessions. Ultimately, we believe these are the tip of an iceberg that potentially includes most, if not all, actions.

scholarly journals How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Camiel J. Beukeboom ◽  
Christian Burgers
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
Biased Language ◽  
Linguistic Labels ◽  
Label Content

Language use plays a crucial role in the consensualization of stereotypes within cultural groups. Based on an integrative review of the literature on stereotyping and biased language use, we propose the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) framework. The framework integrates largely independent areas of literature and explicates the linguistic processes through which social-category stereotypes are shared and maintained. We distinguish two groups of biases in language use that jointly feed and maintain three fundamental cognitive variables in (shared) social-category cognition: perceived category entitativity, stereotype content, and perceived essentialism of associated stereotypic characteristics. These are: (1) Biases in linguistic labels used to denote categories, within which we discuss biases in (a) label content and (b) linguistic form of labels; (2) Biases in describing behaviors and characteristics of categorized individuals, within which we discuss biases in (a) communication content (i.e., what information is communicated), and (b) linguistic form of descriptions (i.e., how is information formulated). Together, these biases create a self-perpetuating cycle in which social-category stereotypes are shared and maintained. The framework allows for a better understanding of stereotype maintaining biases in natural language. We discuss various opportunities for further research.

What Can We Learn From Factorial Surveys About Human Behavior?

Methodology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Petzold ◽  
Tobias Wolbring
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Intended Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Factorial survey experiments are increasingly used in the social sciences to investigate behavioral intentions. The measurement of self-reported behavioral intentions with factorial survey experiments frequently assumes that the determinants of intended behavior affect actual behavior in a similar way. We critically investigate this fundamental assumption using the misdirected email technique. Student participants of a survey were randomly assigned to a field experiment or a survey experiment. The email informs the recipient about the reception of a scholarship with varying stakes (full-time vs. book) and recipient’s names (German vs. Arabic). In the survey experiment, respondents saw an image of the same email. This validation design ensured a high level of correspondence between units, settings, and treatments across both studies. Results reveal that while the frequencies of self-reported intentions and actual behavior deviate, treatments show similar relative effects. Hence, although further research on this topic is needed, this study suggests that determinants of behavior might be inferred from behavioral intentions measured with survey experiments.

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