THE WORK OF THE ZEMSTVO SELF-GOVERNMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE IN THE ТAURIDE PROVINCE IN THE FIRST DECADE OF ZEMSTVO ACTIVITY (1866-1875)

During the period of liberal reforms of Emperor Alexander II in Russia in 1864, the zemstvo reform began, which was a continuation of the peasant reform of 1861. Zemstvo institutions were introduced in the country, in the Tauride province they appear two years later - in 1866, zemstvo institutions were in charge of local social and economic issues. One of the important issues that fell on the shoulders of the zemstvos was the issue of the development of medicine. Taking care of the people's health was not one of the mandatory zemstvo duties, but the growth of infectious diseases and the high mortality rate largely prompted the zemstvo authorities to promote the development of medical affairs. The work of the zemstvo bodies was especially difficult at the very beginning of the formation of zemstvo medicine, when the zemstvos had to raise to a new level everything that they had inherited in 1866. The first decade of zemstvo activity for the development of medical science is the subject of this study. The article deals with the regional features of the districts of the Tauride province and their importance in the development of public health in the region. The relevance and novelty of the study is added by the reflection of the influence of the social composition of the county zemstvo vowels on the modernization of the social sphere of the province. In conclusion, information is provided on the results achieved by local self-government bodies by the end of the third zemstvo triennial in relation to 1866. The results of the research provide information on the state of medical affairs of the Tauride province in 1875 in relation to the rest of the zemstvo provinces of the Russian Empire.

ENTREPRENEURS OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION IN 1917 - EARLY 1918

On the basis of published and previously unexplored archival materials from Voronezh, Orel, Kursk, Tambov, Bryansk, the self-organization and relationship with the government of entrepreneurs of the Central Black Earth Region in the period from spring 1917 to summer 1918 is studied. Studying this social group is important for understanding the balance of power in the region. The author comes to the conclusion that entrepreneurs, despite their active participation in political life in the spring and summer of 1917, due to the preservation of traditional ideas about power and the desire to protect and enhance their rights, could not have a significant impact on the development of the political situation in the region. Entrepreneurs did not enjoy exclusive support from government bodies, including government, which refutes the concept that existed in Soviet historiography about the bourgeois nature of the February regime. Moreover, in resolving conflicts, the authorities in 1917 tried to take into account, first of all, the interests of workers. This situation worsened even more for the bourgeoisie with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who not only supported workers' demands, but also openly robbed entrepreneurs with the help of indemnities. Nevertheless, in order to maintain peace, the Soviet government (especially by the summer of 1918) tried to resolve relations between workers and employers for mutual benefit. At the same time, during the period under study, conflicts between workers and employers reached a high intensity relatively rarely, leaving room for agreements and dialogue, which, however, narrowed.

FROM THE PARISH SCHOOL TO THE CITY HIGHER SCHOOL (ST. SAHAK AND MESROP SCHOOL IN NAKHICHEVAN-ON-DON)

This article is devoted to the history of the higher primary school of Saints Sahak and Mesrop and its role in raising the intellectual level of the Nakhichevan population. The Crimean Armenian immigrants resettled on the Don land from the very beginning showed concern for the education of the younger generation. Since that time, the first educational institutions of the city-parochial schools have ceased to meet the educational needs of the urban population, as a result of which some parochial schools have evolved to a higher primary school, which can be clearly seen on the example of the School named after Saint Sahak and Mesrop. The article traces the difficulties and problems that the school's management had to face in the process of its development. The author examines the educational programs, as well as the teaching staff of the school. The successful functioning of the school was due to the invaluable assistance from both the entire Nakhichevan society and individual patrons in the education of the local Armenian population.

BOLSHEVIK MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA IN THE 20-30s OF THE 20th CENTURY AND ITS MILITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL, PERSONNEL AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST NAZISM IN THE FIRST YEARS OF WORLD WAR II (ACCORDING TO V.M. CHERNOV)

The article is devoted to the assessment of the results of the Bolshevik modernization of Russia in the 20-30s of the 20th century in its military-technological, personnel and political aspects on the example of the struggle of Soviet Russia with Nazi Germany in the first years of World War II and the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the topic is due to the contradictions in the assessments of the Bolshevik transformations of the 20-30s. In historiography and in the public mind, disputes about the role of these transformations for victory in the Second World War and WWII are not abating. This is especially true of the first years of the Second World War, which led the USSR to disaster. This problem was analyzed by an outstanding theoretician, leader of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and a figure of the Russian intellectual emigration V.M. Chernov. As historical sources, the article considers a number of such interesting documents as the letter of V.M. Chernov to I. V. Stalin in 1942 and issues of the emigre magazine “For Freedom!ˮ published in the USA. Using these sources as an example, the position of V.M. Chernov on the successes and failures of the Bolshevik reform of Russia and the related victories and defeats of the Red Army in the early years of the War. It is proved that the failures of the USSR in the first years of the War were the result of a number of political and personnel problems, some of which were caused by the accelerated "assault" nature of the Bolshevik modernization of the 1920s and 1930s.

THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN RESOLVING THE FIRST NORTH KOREAN NUCLEAR CRISIS

The article examines the relationship between the United States and the DPRK during the first North Korean nuclear crisis. It discusses the events leading up to the crisis and the behavior of both sides and international organizations before and during the crisis. The article draws up the role of South Korea during the escalation of the crisis, as well as influence of other countries interested in resolving the crisis. It analyzes the U.S.-North Korea relationship and the impact of the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on the international situation at that time. In this aspect, the study of the Korean nuclear program and the role of the United States has not previously been carried out in Russian historiography. The discussion leads to the design and stages of the KEDO creation with attention to the documents on this international consortium. The situation demonstrates different visions on the USA foreign policy strategy chosen in relation to the DPRK nuclear problem in 1990s, namely the opinion of the United States diplomats working on relations with the DPRK, and American researchers in humanities and technology. The paper concludes with the reasons of the Framework Agreements’ failure that led to the crises.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL DILEMMA OF EMPIRICAL AND RATIONALISTIC APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF TIME

Cognition of time is one of the fundamental tasks of philosophy and science. We can say that the progress of society was to a large extent ensured by the acquisition of the idea of time by mankind. Without the knowledge of time, neither the economic nor the spiritual life of society would be feasible. For the economic life of society, time is periods of work in the field of agriculture, the establishment of work regimes, etc. For the spiritual activity of people, time is the “historyˮ of society, cultures, civilizations, the regulation of traditional rituals, holidays, the secret of life, death and immortality of people, etc. If the economic life of people makes a demand for the knowledge of time, due to the nature of human existence that striving for cognition of time itself, for the purpose of spiritual enrichment, without being mediated by pragmatic demands, is one of the secrets of the human mind. Philosophy is that specific form of cognition that ensures the satisfaction of a person's need for knowledge of the essence of the world and its existence in time, the essence of the temporal existence of society and man and the essence of time itself. The article examines the study of time that has developed in the philosophical tradition in the aspect of epistemological alternatives to empiricism and rationalism. The analysis of the concepts of time given in the works of modern thinkers is given. A variant of the nomological concept of time is proposed and substantiated.

REGIONAL BANKS OF RUSSIA IN CONDITIONS OF BANKING CAPITAL CONSOLIDATION: DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The article analyzes the dynamics and trends of changes in the number of regional entities of the Russian banking market in comparison with the federal ones. The definition of a regional bank has been clarified, the dynamics of changes in the number of credit institutions by federal districts of the Russian Federation has been identified, and districts have been identified that retain the stability of the presence of regional banks. The results of the banking reform impact (2017) on the bank capital consolidation and the banks separation into two levels are presented. It was concluded that there is a need for a regulatory and legislative definition and support for the credit sector of the regional economy, and competitive areas of business activity of regional banks of the Russian Federation are identified.

RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVE FORCES OF DAGESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY - 1930s

The article examines the great work of Russian scientists in Dagestan since the middle of the 19th century. Despite the military actions taking place in the North Caucasus, scientists conducted exploration work of oil fields and other productive forces here. During this period, Professor and then Academician G. Abikh wrote scientific works on the natural resources of Dagestan. Subsequently, his discoveries were confirmed by the most prominent scientists. In the article, we note the great work carried out by professors D. V. Golubyatnikov, K. P. Kalitsky and other scientists in the investigation of the oil-bearing regions of Dagestan. As a result of their activities, the “Dagestanskiye Ogni” plant appeared, new oil regions in the Republic.

ON THE QUESTION OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THE NON-VERBAL CULTURE OF THE CIRCASSIANS

The article discusses issues related to socio-cultural manifestations of corporeality in the Circassian traditional society. The article presents cultural, philosophical and anthropological approaches on corporeality as a specific socio-cultural phenomenon. Particular attention is paid to proxemics and kinesics, that are used in the paper as theoretical basis of the study of the non-verbal communications in the Circassian's culture. The paper argues the need in a comprehensive study of sign and gesture systems as integral part of the Circassian ethos. Authors suggest a new philosophical and anthropological view on somatic culture as one of the most important subsystems of the traditional Circassian mentality. Objective ideas on the non-linguistic components of communication shed light on many specific features of the ethnocultural picture of the world of the Circassians. The authors focus on such spatial forms of structuring of social relations as social distance, personal space, hidden meanings of various types and forms of social distances. The paper justifies that the corporeality, in general, and the kinesic aspects of traditional upbringing, in particular, were of great importance in socialization of younger generations.