scholarly journals Downstream consequences of disclosing defaults: influences on perceptions of choice architects and subsequent behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Patrik Michaelsen ◽  
Lina Nyström ◽  
Timothy J. Luke ◽  
Martin Hedesström
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Behavior

Factors Influencing Leukocyte Adherence in Microvessels

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 0823-0830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayrovttz N. Harvey ◽  
Wiedeman P. Mary ◽  
Ronald F. Tuma
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Leukocyte Adherence ◽  
Rolling Velocity ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Flow Stasis

SummaryIn vivo studies of the microcirculation of an untraumatized and unanesthetized animal preparation has shown that leukocyte adherence to vascular endothelium is an extremely rare occurrence. Induction of leukocyte adherence can be produced in a variety of ways including direct trauma to the vessels, remote tissue injury via laser irradiation, and denuding the epithelium overlying the observed vessels. The role of blood flow and local hemodynamics on the leukocyte adherence process is quite complex and still not fully understood. From the results reported it may be concluded that blood flow stasis will not produce leukocyte adherence but will augment pre-existing adherence. Studies using 2 quantitative measures of adherence, leukocyte flux and leukocyte velocity have shown these parameters to be affected differently by local hemodynamics. Initial adherence appears to be critically dependent on the magnitude of the blood shear stress at the vessel wall as evidenced by the lack of observable leukocyte flux above some threshold value. Subsequent behavior of the leukocytes as characterized by their average rolling velocity shows no apparent relationship to shear stress but, for low velocities, may be related to the linear blood velocity.

How Do Public Service Professionals Behave in Risky Situations? The Importance of Organizational Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 027507402110103
Author(s):  
Emily Rose Tangsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Organizational Cultures ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Hospital Wards

Many situations in public service delivery are characterized by uncertainty about the potential negative consequences following decisions. These risky situations make the behavior of frontline professionals particularly important. But what shapes the risk perception and subsequent behavior of frontline professionals in risky situations? This article explores the idea that organizational culture provides part of the answer. To examine this, a comprehensive qualitative study with participant observations and interviews at five public hospital wards was conducted. The findings demonstrate the importance of organizational culture on risk perception and behavior in risky situations. Basic cultural assumptions related to professional discussion, administering medicine, grading of adverse events, and prioritizing follow-up activities matter to behavior in risky situations. In organizational cultures with high levels of trust and dialogue about decision-making, the health professionals rely on each other and ask for second opinions, when making decisions in risky situations. Conversely, in organizational cultures with little trust and professional discussion, the health professionals are less likely to ask for second opinions and follow up on risky situations, which increases the possibility of unintended, negative consequences. In this way, organizational culture can be a driver of risk-reducing and risk-seeking behavior among frontline professionals.

scholarly journals Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Wolf ◽  
Markus Lappe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Foveal Vision ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
High Level

AbstractHumans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets’ luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets’ relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.

Candidate Recruitment and Selection in Latin America: A Framework for Analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Siavelis ◽  
Scott Morgenstern
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Political Recruitment ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Recruitment And Selection ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThis article provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the recruitment and selection of legislative candidates in Latin America. It argues that political recruitment and candidate selection are undertheorized for Latin America yet have determinative impacts on political systems, often overriding the influence of more commonly studied institutional variables. The article elucidates a typology of legislative candidates based on the legal and party variables that lead to the emergence of particular selection methods, as well as the patterns of loyalty generated by those methods. It analyzes the recruitment and selection processes as independent and dependent variables, underscoring the significant effect these procedures have on the incentive structure and subsequent behavior of legislators. Those factors, in turn, have important consequences for democratic governability and the performance of presidentialism.

Students’ Sense Making of Higher Education Policies During the Vertical Transfer Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 000283122110030
Author(s):  
Lauren Schudde ◽  
Huriya Jabbar ◽  
Eliza Epstein ◽  
Elif Yucel
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
College Students ◽  
Community College ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Vertical Transfer ◽  
Higher Education Policies ◽  
State Transfer ◽  
Subsequent Behavior

More than a third of students enter higher education at a community college; most aim to earn a baccalaureate. Drawing on sense-making theory and longitudinal qualitative data, we examined how community college students interpret state transfer policies and how their interpretations influence subsequent behavior. Data from 3 years of interviews revealed how students adjudicate between multiple intersecting policies. The higher education context, where institutions provided competing signals about policies, left students to navigate complex messages to achieve their transfer goals. Students’ approaches to understanding transfer policies primarily followed one of two patterns: adopting policy signals as step-by-step procedures or adapting and combining policy signals to create a customized transfer pathway. Both approaches had important implications for students’ transfer outcomes.

scholarly journals Functional Neuroimaging and Psychology: What Have You Done for Me Lately?

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Moran ◽  
Jamil Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Reverse Inference

Functional imaging has become a primary tool in the study of human psychology but is not without its detractors. Although cognitive neuroscientists have made great strides in understanding the neural instantiation of countless cognitive processes, commentators have sometimes argued that functional imaging provides little or no utility for psychologists. And indeed, myriad studies over the last quarter century have employed the technique of brain mapping—identifying the neural correlates of various psychological phenomena—in ways that bear minimally on psychological theory. How can brain mapping be made more relevant to behavioral scientists broadly? Here, we describe three trends that increase precisely this relevance: (i) the use of neuroimaging data to adjudicate between competing psychological theories through forward inference, (ii) isolating neural markers of information processing steps to better understand complex tasks and psychological phenomena through probabilistic reverse inference, and (iii) using brain activity to predict subsequent behavior. Critically, these new approaches build on the extensive tradition of brain mapping, suggesting that efforts in this area—although not initially maximally relevant to psychology—can indeed be used in ways that constrain and advance psychological theory.

scholarly journals Investigation of the identity of the victim in the investigation of crimes committed with the threat of violence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Elena Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Criminal Intent ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
And Behavior

During the investigation of crimes, the investigator must establish all the circumstances to be proved (article 73 of the criminal procedure code), including the data on the victim. The criminalistic characterization of violent crimes will be complete only if it is supplemented with victimological features, since the personality and behavior of the victim are elements of the external environment that forms criminal intent and the choice of criminal ways to implement it. The use of victimological analysis helps the investigator to put forward versions about the offender and the motives for committing the crime, to determine the tactics of individual investigative actions, to predict the investigative situation and to timely resolve the issue of the application of security measures. In some cases, information about the victim allows to establish data on the identity of the perpetrator, the motives for committing the crime, the reasons for choosing the method of violence, etc. Data on the identity of the victim in the Commission of violent socially dangerous acts is established by forensic (technical-forensic and tactical-forensic), forensic (identification methods, anthropological), forensic-psychiatric (experimental-psychological, clinical-psychopathological) and forensic-procedural methods of cognition. On the example of the criminal cases of robberies studied by the author, it is established that the choice of the method of personality research is largely determined by the method of committing the crime and the subsequent behavior of the victim after committing a criminal act against her. Victimological aspects should be established and taken into account by the investigator during the investigation of criminal cases, the judge - when imposing punishment. Only such an approach can ensure a full, objective and comprehensive investigation of a criminal case and take the necessary preventive measures.

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