scholarly journals Cost savings and CO2 emissions reduction potential in the German district heating system with demand response

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Yuchen Ju ◽  
Joakim Lindholm ◽  
Moritz Verbeck ◽  
Juha Jokisalo ◽  
Risto Kosonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
District Heating System

scholarly journals EU Emission Targets of 2050: Costs and CO2 Emissions Comparison of Three Different Solar and Heat Pump-Based Community-Level District Heating Systems in Nordic Conditions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassam ur Rehman ◽  
Janne Hirvonen ◽  
Juha Jokisalo ◽  
Risto Kosonen ◽  
Kai Sirén
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
District Heating Systems ◽  
Reduction Cost

In Finland, old apartments (1980s) contribute toward emissions. The objective is to reduce CO2 emissions to reach Europe’s targets of 2050. Three different centralized solar-based district heating systems integrated either with non-renovated or renovated old buildings in the community were simulated and compared against the reference city-level district heating system. The three proposed centralized systems were: Case 1: photovoltaic (PV) with a ground source heat pump (GSHP); Case 2: PV with an air-water heat pump (A2WHP); and Case 3: PV with A2WHPs, seasonal storage, and GSHPs. TRNSYS simulation software was used for dynamic simulation of the systems. Life cycle cost (LCC), CO2 emissions and purchased electricity were calculated and compared. The results show that the community-level district heating system (Case 3) outperformed Case 1, Case 2, and the city-level district heating. With non-renovated buildings, the relative emissions reduction was 83% when the reference energy system was replaced with Case 3 and the emissions reduction cost was 3.74 €/kg.CO2/yr. The relative emissions reduction was 91% when the buildings were deep renovated and integrated with Case 3 when compared to the reference system with non-renovated buildings and the emission reduction cost was 11.9 €/kg.CO2/yr. Such district heating systems could help in meeting Europe’s emissions target for 2050.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact of District Heating System Retrofitting

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1110
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Zajacs ◽  
Anatolijs Borodinecs ◽  
Nikolai Vatin
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Actual State ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Unburned Fuel ◽  
Main Components

Retrofitting of district heating systems is a comprehensive process which covers all stages of district heating (DH) systems: production, distribution and consumption. This study quantitatively shows the effect of retrofitting measures and represents strengths and weaknesses of different development scenarios. Improvements in production units show improvements in fuel use efficiency and thus indirectly reduce CO2 emissions due to unburned fuel. For this purpose, validated district planning tools have been used. Tool uses mathematical model for calculation and evaluation of all three main components of the DH system. For the quantitative evaluation, nine efficiency and balance indicators were used. For each indicator, recommended boundary values were proposed. In total, six simulation scenarios were simulated, and the last scenario have shown significant reduction in CO2 emissions by 40% (from 3376 to 2000 t CO2 compared to the actual state), while share of biomass has reached 47%.

scholarly journals The Impact of Optimal Demand Response Control and Thermal Energy Storage on a District Heating System

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Salo ◽  
Aira Hast ◽  
Juha Jokisalo ◽  
Risto Kosonen ◽  
Sanna Syri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Response Control ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
The Impact

Demand response has been studied in district heating connected buildings since the rollout of smart, communicating devices has made it cost-effective to control buildings’ energy consumption externally. This research investigates optimal demand response control strategies from the district heating operator perspective. Based on earlier simulations on the building level, different case algorithms were simulated on a typical district heating system. The results show that even in the best case, heat production costs can be decreased by only 0.7%. However, by implementing hot water thermal storage in the system, demand response can become more profitable, resulting in 1.4% cost savings. It is concluded that the hot water storage tank can balance district heating peak loads for longer periods of time, which enhances the ability to use demand response strategies on a larger share of the building stock.

scholarly journals Demand response analysis methodology in district heating system

2017 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asset Khabdullin ◽  
Zauresh Khabdullina ◽  
Guldana Khabdullina ◽  
Dace Lauka ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Analysis Methodology

scholarly journals Technology Pathways and Economic Analysis for Transforming High Temperature to Low Temperature District Heating Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3218
Author(s):  
Pedro Durán ◽  
Herena Torio ◽  
Patrik Schönfeldt ◽  
Peter Klement ◽  
Benedikt Hanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
District Heating Systems

There are 1454 district heating systems in Germany. Most of them are fossil based and with high temperature levels, which is neither efficient nor sustainable and needs to be changed for reaching the 2050 climate goals. In this paper, we present a case study for transforming a high to low temperature district heating system which is more suitable for renewable energy supply. With the Carnot Toolbox, a dynamic model of a potential district heating system is simulated and then transformed to a low temperature supply. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to see the system performance in case space constrains restrict the transformation. Finally, an economic comparison is performed. Results show that it is technically possible to perform the transformation until a very low temperature system. The use of decentralized renewable sources, decentralized heat storage tanks and the placement of a heat pump on each building are the key points to achieve the transformation. Regarding the sensitivity analysis, the transformation is worth doing until the seasonal storage and solar collector field sizes are reduced to 60% and 80% of their values in the reference case, respectively. The economic analysis shows, however, that it is hard for highly efficient low temperature renewable based heat networks to compete with district heating systems based on a centralized fossile CHP solution. Thus, though the presented transformation is technically possible, there is a strong need to change existing economic schemes and policies for fostering a stronger promotion of renewable energy policies in the heat sector.

Predicting Hourly Heating Load in a District Heating System Based on a Hybrid CNN-LSTM Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 110998
Author(s):  
Jiancai Song ◽  
Liyi Zhang ◽  
Guixiang Xue ◽  
YunPeng Ma ◽  
Shan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Load

scholarly journals Upgrading a District Heating System by Means of the Integration of Modular Heat Pumps, Geothermal Waters, and PVs for Resilient and Sustainable Urban Energy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2347
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Hałaj ◽  
Jarosław Kotyza ◽  
Marek Hajto ◽  
Grzegorz Pełka ◽  
Wojciech Luboń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The City

Krakow has an extensive district heating network, which is approximately 900 km long. It is the second largest city in terms of the number of inhabitants in Poland, resulting in a high demand for energy—for both heating and cooling. The district heating of the city is based on coal. The paper presents the conception of using the available renewable sources to integrate them into the city’s heating system, increasing the flexibility of the system and its decentralization. An innovative solution of the use of hybrid, modular heat pumps with power dependent on the needs of customers in a given location and combining them with geothermal waters and photovoltaics is presented. The potential of deep geothermal waters is based on two reservoirs built of carbonate rocks, namely Devonian and Upper Jurassic, which mainly consist of dolomite and limestone. The theoretical potential of water intake equal to the nominal heating capacity of a geothermal installation is estimated at 3.3 and 2.0 MW, respectively. Shallow geothermal energy potential varies within the city, reflecting the complex geological structure of the city. Apart from typical borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), the shallower water levels may represent a significant potential source for both heating and cooling by means of water heat pumps. For the heating network, it has been proposed to use modular heat pumps with hybrid sources, which will allow for the flexible development of the network in places previously unavailable or unprofitable. In the case of balancing production and demand, a photovoltaic installation can be an effective and sufficient source of electricity that will cover the annual electricity demand generated by the heat pump installation, when it is used for both heating and cooling. The alternating demand of facilities for heating and cooling energy, caused by changes in the seasons, suggests potential for using seasonal cold and heat storage.

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