scholarly journals The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-179
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Willey ◽  
Richard A. Britten ◽  
Elizabeth Blaber ◽  
Candice G.T. Tahimic ◽  
Jeffrey Chancellor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Impacts of stroke and cognitive impairment on activities of daily living in the Taiwan longitudinal study on aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pi-Hsia Lee ◽  
Ting-Ting Yeh ◽  
Hsin-Yen Yen ◽  
Wan-Ling Hsu ◽  
Valeria Jia-Yi Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Stroke Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

AbstractStroke and cognitive impairment are common in older population. They often occur together and their combined effects significantly increase disability in both basic (BADLs) and instrumental (IADLs) activities of daily living. We investigated the individual and combined impacts of stroke and cognitive impairment on BADLs and IADLs. A total of 3331 community-dwelling older adults were enrolled from the Taiwan longitudinal study on aging in 2011. Both BADLs and IADLs were analyzed. Combination of stroke and cognitive impairment increased severity of ADL disabilities, but similar prevalence, similar numbers of summed BADL and IADL tasks with disability, and similar levels of difficulty for each BADL and IADL task were found between the stroke group and cognitive impairment group. The former had more difficult in dressing while the latter had more difficult in using the telephone, transport, and managing finances. A hierarchy of ADLs was also observed in all groups. ADL skill training supplemented with cognitive and physical interventions should focus on secondary prevention of dementia and improve motor functional capacity to reduce loss of ADLs.

Signaling Effects: Increased Content Retention and New Answers—Part II

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H. Spyridakis
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Expository Text ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Good Readers ◽  
Logical Connectives ◽  
Content Retention ◽  
The Individual

This study investigated the role of signaling in helping good readers comprehend expository text. As the existing literature on signaling, reviewed in the last issue of this Journal, pointed to deficiencies in previous studies' methodologies, one goal of this study was to refine prose research methods. Two passages were designed in one of eight signaled versions each. The design was constructed to assess the individual and combined effects of headings, previews, and logical connectives. The study also assessed the effect of passage length, familiarity, and difficulty. The results showed that signals do improve a reader's comprehension, particularly comprehension two weeks after the reading of a passage and comprehension of superordinate and superordinate inferential information. This study supports the hypothesis that signals can influence retention of text-based information, particularly with long, unfamiliar, or difficult passages.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Cytotoxic and Estrogenic Effects of Zearalenone, Its Reduced Metabolites, Alternariol, and Genistein

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6281
Author(s):  
Adrienn Balázs ◽  
Zelma Faisal ◽  
Rita Csepregi ◽  
Tamás Kőszegi ◽  
Balázs Kriszt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Estrogenic Effects ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
The Individual

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi. Previous studies demonstrated the co-occurrence of Fusarium and Alternaria toxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), ZEN metabolites, and alternariol (AOH). These xenoestrogenic mycotoxins appear in soy-based meals and dietary supplements, resulting in the co-exposure to ZEN and AOH with the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN). In this study, the cytotoxic and estrogenic effects of ZEN, reduced ZEN metabolites, AOH, and GEN are examined to evaluate their individual and combined impacts. Our results demonstrate that reduced ZEN metabolites, AOH, and GEN can aggravate ZEN-induced toxicity; in addition, the compounds tested exerted mostly synergism or additive combined effects regarding cytotoxicity and/or estrogenicity. Therefore, these observations underline the importance and the considerable risk of mycotoxin co-exposure and the combined effects of mycoestrogens with phytoestrogens.

scholarly journals Penile Reconstruction: Current Thoughts, Techniques, and Outcomes

EMJ Urology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Brazio ◽  
Irene Ma ◽  
Gordon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Free Flap ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Radial Forearm Free Flap ◽  
Minimal Morbidity ◽  
Radial Forearm ◽  
Protective Sensation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tissue Characteristics

Phalloplasty has matured considerably over the last decades in reconstructive options and technical refinements, thanks to increasing recognition of gender dysphoria. The primary goals of performing a phalloplasty are to facilitate sexual penetration, protective sensation, orgasm, standing micturition, and natural aesthetic, ideally in few stages and with minimal morbidity. Radial forearm free flap, anterolateral flap, and metoidioplasty are the most common options, each with a unique profile of complications, aesthetic, and functional outcomes. Choices for reconstruction must be tailored to the individual patient’s goals and available tissue characteristics.

Using factorial mediation analysis to better understand the effects of interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian C Strayhorn ◽  
Linda M Collins ◽  
Timothy R Brick ◽  
Sara H Marchese ◽  
Angela Fidler Pfammatter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Multiphase Optimization Strategy ◽  
Factorial Optimization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Advance Theory

Abstract To improve understanding of how interventions work or why they do not work, there is need for methods of testing hypotheses about the causal mechanisms underlying the individual and combined effects of the components that make up interventions. Factorial mediation analysis, i.e., mediation analysis applied to data from a factorial optimization trial, enables testing such hypotheses. In this commentary, we demonstrate how factorial mediation analysis can contribute detailed information about an intervention’s causal mechanisms. We briefly review the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the factorial experiment. We use an empirical example from a 25 factorial optimization trial to demonstrate how factorial mediation analysis opens possibilities for better understanding the individual and combined effects of intervention components. Factorial mediation analysis has important potential to advance theory about interventions and to inform intervention improvements.

scholarly journals The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1970-1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella L. Pardee ◽  
Isaac O. Jensen ◽  
David W. Inouye ◽  
Rebecca E. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals The Individual and Combined Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Aflatoxin B1 on Primary Hepatocytes of Cyprinus Carpio

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3760-3768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hua He ◽  
Yan-Hong Fan ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Chao-Ying Huang ◽  
Xi-Chun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Primary Hepatocytes ◽  
The Individual

Individual and Combined Effects of Vanillin and Potassium Sorbate on Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium glabrum, and Penicillium italicum Growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MATAMOROS-LEÓN ◽  
A. ARGAIZ ◽  
A. LÓPEZ-MALO
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
The Individual

The individual and combined effects of potassium sorbate and vanillin concentrations on the growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. glabrum, and P. italicum in potato dextrose agar adjusted to water activity 0.98 and pH 3.5 were evaluated. Inhibitory concentrations of potassium sorbate varied from 150 ppm for P. digitatum to 700 ppm for P. glabrum, and for vanillin from 1,100 ppm for P. digitatum and P. italicum and 1,300 ppm for P. glabrum. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) isobolograms show curves deviated to the left of the additive line. Calculated FIC index varied from 0.60 to 0.84. FIC index as well as FIC isobolograms show synergistic effects on mold inhibition when vanillin and potassium sorbate are applied in combination.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Deformation and Undercooling on Isothermal Bainitic Transformation in an Fe-C-Mn-Si Alloy

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Zou ◽  
Haijiang Hu ◽  
Guang Xu ◽  
Ziliu Xiong ◽  
Fangqin Dai
Keyword(s):  
Transformation Temperature ◽  
Bainitic Transformation ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Thermomechanical Simulation ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Isothermal Bainitic Transformation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Both ausforming and transformation temperature affect the successive bainitic transformation and microstructure. The individual influence of each case is clear, whereas the combined effects are still unknown. Thermomechanical simulation and metallography were used to investigate the combined effects of ausforming and transformation temperature on bainitic transformation and microstructure. The kinetics of isothermal bainitic transformation in non-deformed and deformed materials was analyzed. A lower transformation temperature can lead to more bainite formation without deformation. However, ausforming with small strains can partially compensate for the decrease of bainite amount caused by the decreased undercooling. The larger the applied strain is, the smaller the difference between the final amounts of bainite with different undercooling. Ausforming at a relatively higher temperature is more favorable to the acceleration of subsequent isothermal bainitic transformation. The results in the present work provide reference for optimizing the fabrication technology of medium-carbon nanobainite steels.

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