Factorial optimization of Coagulation-Flocculation process for Abattoir Wastewater using Carica Papaya seed extract as bio-coagulant

The objective of this research was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process for abattoir wastewater by utilizing a bio-coagulant derived from Carica Papaya seed (CPS). The bio-coagulant (CPC) was extracted from the Carica Papaya seed using a 2M NaCl solution, and the coagulation-flocculation process was carried out using a bench scale jar test. Applying design expert (13.0.5.0), 23 full factorials with 5 center points, the effects of three factors: coagulant dosage (X1), pH of the wastewater (X2), and temperature (X3) on turbidity reduction efficiency were examined. Applying ANOVA, it was discovered that a linear model best characterizes the process, with a significant p-value of 0.0015, showing that the model is significant. Additionally, the temperature is a significant component in the model, with a p-value of 0.02 indicating that the temperature is statistically significant. A turbidity reduction efficiency of 90.02 % was attained at the optimum conditions of 0.75g/L of CPC, pH of 6, and temperature of 308 K.

Using factorial mediation analysis to better understand the effects of interventions

To improve understanding of how interventions work or why they do not work, there is need for methods of testing hypotheses about the causal mechanisms underlying the individual and combined effects of the components that make up interventions. Factorial mediation analysis, i.e., mediation analysis applied to data from a factorial optimization trial, enables testing such hypotheses. In this commentary, we demonstrate how factorial mediation analysis can contribute detailed information about an intervention’s causal mechanisms. We briefly review the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the factorial experiment. We use an empirical example from a 25 factorial optimization trial to demonstrate how factorial mediation analysis opens possibilities for better understanding the individual and combined effects of intervention components. Factorial mediation analysis has important potential to advance theory about interventions and to inform intervention improvements.

Nifedipine Oral Disintegration Tablet: Design, Optimization, Invivo-pharmacokinetic and Stability Studies

Nifedipine has a bioavailability of 45-56 percent and a 2-hour elimination half-life. It has a 50 percent kidney excretion rate and a 5-15 percent bile excretion rate. The intention of this research is to invent and evaluate Nifedipine loaded ODT and to prove the enhancement of bioavailability. The 23 factorial optimization design exposed about the outcome of independent variable on dependent variable throughout the formulation of Nifedipine ODT. From the records, it was accomplished that there was a good correlation between Disintegration time, Dissolution rate and super disintegration concentration. The formulation F4 (Nifedipine ODT) has achieve the goal of ODT drug delivery with desired release characteristics, cost-effective, decreased dose, effective administration and hence improved patient compliance. The invivo pharmacokinetic studies reveals that increase in AUC0-∞; decrease in Tmax; increase in Cmax in Nifedipine ODT shows better bioavailability and faster duration of therapeutic action than marketed Nifilat® dosage form. Nifedipine ODT was stable at various temperature, humidity conditions and there was no drastic change in evaluation parameters. That it was concluded that Oral dispersible tablet (ODT) was a suitable dosage form to enhance the solubility at the same time the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs like Nifedipine.

Diabetic Retinopathy Analysis—Effects of Nanoparticle-Based Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone (TA) is a hormone corticosteroid drug used to treat edema, inflammation, and angiogenic eye diseases. It can be administered by intravitreal injection at an early stage. The intraocular instillation method can improve the bioavailability of TA by loading the drug on to a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). The nanoparticles (20 to 200 nm) used in this experiment were previously prepared by high-pressure homogenization using a factorial optimization design method. The NLC produced contained a distinct peak with a negative charge. The nanoparticles were loaded with drugs (TA-NLC) and fluorescent Nile Red lipids. Using the treated nanoparticles, NR-NLC was dripped into the eyes of mice in an in vivo test, demonstrating the ability to deliver lipophilic active substances to the posterior ocular segment. The short- and long-term stability of TA-NLC was also evaluated using a Turbiscan® high-performance stability analysis. Results showed that backscattering in the 6-month stability test was less than 1.5%. When stored at room temperature, the possibility of the nanoparticles condensing into flocs during the storage period is very small.