The ‘civic religion’ of the Resistance in post-war Italy

Modern Italy ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gundle
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Civic Religion ◽  
Post War ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
High Degree ◽  
First World

SummaryThe problem of the legitimacy or otherwise of the Resistance tradition in post-war Italy has been addressed in recent years mainly in terms of the role of the partisan struggle and its political legacy. This article aims to assess the tradition in terms of commemorative practices, rituals, artistic representations and monuments. It seeks to evaluate whether the Resistance gave rise to a civic religion that may be compared to those which existed in the Liberal period, based on the heroic struggles and figures of the Risorgimento, and the Fascist period, which drew on the feelings of loss and injustice that followed the First World War. It is argued that, although the Resistance lacked, prior to the 1960s, a high degree of official sponsorship, it did acquire some of the features of a civic religion. Its appeal was mainly limited to the regions administered by the Left which had seen a significant degree of Resistance activity in 1943-5. Even here, however, it was difficult to sustain the tradition as a key feature of community life during and after the economic boom: the eclipse of public culture, the decline of public mourning and the development of commercial leisure and mass culture all served to deprive it of meaning. Although intellectuals, politicians and ex-partisans reacted to this situation, the visual and rhetorical languages associated with the commemoration of the Resistance became increasingly divorced from everyday life and dominant social values.

THE FISCHER CONTROVERSY OVER GERMAN WAR AIMS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND ITS RECEPTION BY EAST GERMAN HISTORIANS, 1961–1989

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW STIBBE
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
East German ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First World ◽  
Socialist Unity

The Fischer controversy of the 1960s was a major landmark in post-war West German historiography. Surprisingly few historians to date have devoted their attention to the East German reception of Fischer's work, however. This article seeks to fill this gap by looking at some of the critical reviews published in East German academic journals and also at internal records from the Socialist Unity Party archive. Particular emphasis is placed on the period after 1965 when East German scholars began to explore the historiographical and national implications of the Fischer controversy with a greater degree of sensitivity but also with a greater degree of caution (for strategic political reasons). A mutually beneficial exchange of ideas between Fischer and German Democratic Republic scholars working on the First World War continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s, although ironically this was at a time when both sides were moving ever further away from the idea of a possible reunification of the two Germanies in the future.

‘Machinic Desire’: Wyndham Lewis, Masculinity and the Sublime Horror of Technological War

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-514
Author(s):  
Udith Dematagoda
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Wyndham Lewis ◽  
World War ◽  
Technological Society ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

This article explores Wyndham Lewis's experience of the First World War, and its influence on his varied artistic output. It interrogates how Lewis's initial ambivalence towards an emergent technological society shifted through direct encounters with mechanized warfare, and speculates on the effect of these upon his post-war writing and criticism. By contrasting Lewis's thought against that of his Italian Futurist contemporaries, I will demonstrate the centrality of their divergent conceptions of masculinity in accounting for this opposition – and how Lewis's critique of technological society prefigures contemporary opposition towards the post-humanist philosophy of Accelerationism.

Western Ethnic Borderlands in the Influence of Russian-Soviet Propagangda Before and in the Years of the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Igor Lyubchyk
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Russian Identity

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

Empires of Antiquities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billie Melman
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Mandate System ◽  
First World

Empires of Antiquities is a history of the rediscovery of the imperial civilizations of the ancient Near East in a modern imperial order that evolved between the outbreak of the First World War and the decolonization of the British Empire in the 1950s. It explores the ways in which near eastern antiquity was redefined and experienced, becoming the subject of imperial regulation, modes of enquiry, and international and national politics. A series of globally publicized spectacular archaeological discoveries in Iraq, Egypt, and Palestine, which the book follows, made antiquity material visible and accessible as never before. The book demonstrates that the new definition and uses of antiquity and their relations to modernity were inseparable from the emergence of the post-war international imperial order, transnational collaboration and crises, the aspirations of national groups, and collisions between them and the British mandatories. It uniquely combines a history of the internationalization of archaeology and the rise of a new “regime of antiquities” under the oversight of the League of Nations and its institutions, a history of British attitudes to, and passion for, near eastern antiquity and on-the-ground colonial policies and mechanisms, as well as nationalist claims on the past. It points to the centrality of the new mandate system, particularly mandates classified A in Mesopotamia/Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan, formerly governed by the Ottoman Empire, and of Egypt, in the new archaeological regime. Drawing on an unusually wide range of materials collected in archives in six countries, as well as on material and visual evidence, the book weaves together imperial, international, and national histories, and the history of archaeological discovery which it connects to imperial modernity.

scholarly journals The Austro-Hungarian occupation regime in Serbia and its break-down in 1918

Balcanica ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 107-133
Author(s):  
Dimitrije Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This paper discusses the occupation of Serbia during the First World War by Austro-Hungarian forces. The first partial occupation was short-lived as the Serbian army repelled the aggressors after the Battle of Kolubara in late 1914, but the second one lasted from fall 1915 until the end of the Great War. The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone in Serbia covered the largest share of Serbia?s territory and it was organised in the shape of the Military Governorate on the pattern of Austro-Hungarian occupation of part of Poland. The invaders did not reach a clear decision as to what to do with Serbian territory in post-war period and that gave rise to considerable frictions between Austro-Hungarian and German interests in the Balkans, then between Austrian and Hungarian interests and, finally, between military and civilian authorities within Military Governorate. Throughout the occupation Serbia was exposed to ruthless economic exploitation and her population suffered much both from devastation and from large-scale repression (including deportations, internments and denationalisation) on the part of the occupation regime.

scholarly journals Gaining Nationhood: A Comparative Analysis of Images Found in Ontario and Quebec History Textbooks, 1920 to 1948

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Duquette ◽  
Rose Fine-Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Museum Exhibits ◽  
Public Events ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Quebec History ◽  
First World

The centenary of the beginning of the First World War has seen renewed global attention to the war. A proliferation of scholarly works, commemorative public events, documentaries, and museum exhibits dedicated to the war ensured that the participating nations reaffirmed messages of service and sacrifice. The global response provides some insight into how nations crafted the memory of the war and the links made between remembrance and national identity. The Canadian War Museum, along with various state commemorations, encased the events of the war within narratives of heroism and sacrifice, most recently with the celebratory focus on the Battle of Vimy Ridge. This renewed interest in the war inspired this study, which explores how the war was portrayed in Ontario and Quebec history textbooks in the immediate post-war decades. This project argues that an analysis of both the textual narratives and the visual culture portrayed in history textbooks helps us better understand messages of nationhood in Canada. Through an examination of history textbooks that were approved in Ontario and Quebec between 1920 and 1948, we seek to uncover what the Ontario Department of Education, the Catholic church, and publishers felt were important for students in schools to remember about Canada’s participation in the war.RésuméLe centenaire du début de la Première Guerre mondiale a contribué à renouveler l’intérêt du public pour la Grande Guerre. On observe alors une prolifération des ouvrages académiques, des événements commémoratifs publics, des documentaires et des expositions muséales qui y sont dédiés et dont le but est de réaffirmer le message de service et de sacrifice des États qui y ont pris part. Ces ouvrages et événements donnent un aperçu de comment les nations construisent leur mémoire de la guerre ainsi que des liens tissés entre le devoir de mémoire et l’identité nationale. Le Musée canadien de la guerre, ainsi que plusieurs commémorations gouvernementales, synthétisent les événements de la Grande Guerre dans un récit d’héroïsme et de sacrifice. Un exemple récent de cela est l’intérêt porté à la bataille de la crête de Vimy. Cet intérêt renouvelé envers la Grande Guerre a inspiré cette étude qui explore comment celle-ci a été représentée dans les manuels scolaires de l’Ontario et du Québec dans les décennies suivants la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale.  Ce projet propose qu’une analyse des manuels centrés sur les récits textuels et de la culture visuelle aide à mieux comprendre les messages associés à la construction de la nation canadienne. À partir d’un examen des manuels scolaires approuvés pour l’Ontario et ceux disponibles pour le Québec entre les années 1920 et 1948, nous cherchons à découvrir ce que le Département de l’Éducation de l’Ontario, l’Église Catholique et les maisons d’éditions considéraient comme étant importants à ce souvenir à propos de la participation du Canada à la Première Guerre mondiale. 

scholarly journals Introduction: The First World War and its Aftermath: Literary Networks and Cultural Encounters

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
Philip Ross Bullock ◽  
Sofia Permiakova ◽  
Gesa Stedman
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Post War ◽  
Literary Networks ◽  
First World ◽  
Recurrent Theme

This introduction offers a survey of some important critical approaches to the ways in which the First World War and its aftermath have been studied, conceptualized, represented and commemorated. In particular, it notes recent scholarly interest in issues of gender, as well as a focus on widening the geographical range of the conflict beyond a dominant European paradigm. A recurrent theme is the emergence of new types of modernity in the post-war era, and the ways in which literature and the arts do not merely reflect that modernity, but actively shape and constitute it.

Rescued from the Brink: the Collapse and Resurgence of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
Andrew Atherstone
Keyword(s):  
Church Of England ◽  
First World War ◽  
Conservative Estimate ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World ◽  
The Church

The twenty-five theological colleges of the Church of England entered the 1960s in buoyant mood. Rooms were full, finances were steadily improving, expansion seemed inevitable. For four years in succession, from 1961 to 1964, ordinations exceeded six hundred a year, for the first time since before the First World War, and the peak was expected to rise still higher. In a famously misleading report, the sociologist Leslie Paul predicted that at a ‘conservative estimate’ there would be more than eight hundred ordinations a year by the 1970s. In fact, the opposite occurred. The boom was followed by bust, and the early 1970s saw ordinations dip below four hundred. The dramatic plunge in the number of candidates offering themselves for Anglican ministry devastated the theological colleges. Many began running at a loss and faced imminent bankruptcy. In desperation the central Church authorities set about closing or merging colleges, but even their ruthless cutbacks could not keep pace with the fall in ordinands.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Latvian statehood and the signing of the peace treaty between Latvia and Russia. Diplomatic struggle for recognition from the West

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Kovalevskaia ◽  
J.A. Fedoritenko
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Post War ◽  
Struggle For Recognition ◽  
First World

In this article, the authors raise the problem of the political situation of Latvia on the world stage after the First World War and the formation of statehood in Latvia. The authors set themselves the task of studying the problem of relations between Latvia and Germany, Latvia and Soviet Russia in the established period, and analyzing the main provisions of the Paris Conference of 1919–1920. and the approaches of the participating countries to the Latvian issue. The logical conclusion of the above topic is the consideration of the stage of the struggle for diplomatic and legal recognition by the West in the post-war years and the national consolidation of Latvia, the signing and signifi cance of the Riga Peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and Latvia (1920) in the context of current political events.

“Why Can't I Have the Vote?”

2017 ◽  
pp. 117-144
Author(s):  
Argha Kumar Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Women's Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Political Differences ◽  
Political Conviction ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The First World War came at a crucial time when British women's suffrage campaigns were gathering momentum throughout the country. The culmination of the movement during these years, in spite of various social and political differences, enhanced female solidarity and political consciousness to a considerable degree. Hectic political activism also witnessed a phenomenal rise and propagation of an exclusive and extraordinary women's culture. The onset of the Great War however, struck a fatal blow to such an unprecedented female camaraderie and political conviction. My proposed chapter traces and gathers evidences in women's verse written during this time period extending from the pre-war years of the suffrage movement to the early years of the post-war demobilisation correlating them with some of the major developments in women's socio-political history of the period.

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