scholarly journals The Effects of Intermittent Illumination on a Visual Inspection Task

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Kennedy ◽  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Wayne S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Word Identification ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Refresh Rate ◽  
Intermittent Illumination ◽  
Saccade Control ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Inspection Task ◽  
Viewing Position

Two experiments are described in which eye movements were monitored as subjects performed a simple target-spotting task under conditions of intermittent illumination produced by varying the display-screen frame rate on a computer VDU. In Experiment 1, subjects executed a saccade from a fixation point to a target which appeared randomly at a fixed eccentricity of 14 character positions to the left or right. Saccade latency did not differ reliably as a function of screen refresh rate, but average saccade extent at 70 Hz and 110 Hz was reliably shorter than at 90 Hz and 100 Hz. Experiment 2 examined the same task using a range of target eccentricities (7, 14, and 28 character positions to the left and right) and across a wider range of screen refresh rates. The results confirmed the curvilinear relationship obtained in Experiment 1, with average saccade extent reliably shorter at refresh rates of 50 Hz and 125 Hz than at 75 Hz and 100 Hz. While the effect was greater for remote targets, analyses of the proportional target error failed to show a reliable interaction between target eccentricity and display refresh rate. In contrast to Experiment 1, there was a pronounced effect of refresh rate on saccade latency (corrected for time to write the screen frame), with shorter latencies at higher refresh rates. It may be concluded that pulsation at frequencies above fusion disrupts saccade control. However, the curvilinear functional relationship between screen refresh rate and saccade extent obtained in these studies differs from previously reported effects of intermittent illumination on the average size of “entry saccades” (the first saccade to enter a given word) in a task involving word identification (Kennedy & Murray, 1993a, 1996). This conflict of data may arise in part because within-word adjustments in viewing position, which are typical of normal reading, influence measures of average saccade extent.

Information Distribution Within Musical Segments

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni B. Chan ◽  
Janet H. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Information Distribution ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Asymmetric Effects ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Optimal Viewing Position ◽  
Viewing Position

In research on word recognition, it has been shown that word beginnings have higher information content for word identification than word endings; this asymmetric information distribution within words has been argued to be due to the communicative pressure to allow words in speech to be recognized as early as possible. Through entropy analysis using two representative datasets from Wikifonia and the Essen folksong corpus, we show that musical segments also have higher information content (i.e., higher entropy) in segment beginnings than endings. Nevertheless, this asymmetry was not as dramatic as that found within words, and the highest information content was observed in the middle of the segments (i.e., an inverted U pattern). This effect may be because the first and last notes of a musical segment tend to be tonally stable, with more flexibility in the first note for providing the initial context. The asymmetric information distribution within words has been shown to be an important factor accounting for various asymmetric effects in word reading, such as the left-biased preferred viewing location and optimal viewing position effects. Similarly, the asymmetric information distribution within musical segments is a potential factor that can modulate music reading behavior and should not be overlooked.

About saccade generation in reading

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 702-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Vitu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Saccade Direction ◽  
High Level ◽  
Saccade Generation

In their model, Findlay & Walker propose that where and when the eyes move is determined by two relatively independent processing streams. Whereas both saccade direction and amplitude result from a low-level visual analysis of the peripheral visual stimulation, saccade latency results mainly from higher-level processes related to processing of the central information. In the present commentary, reading eye movement data are put forward as evidence against a strict autonomy of “Where” and “When” processing streams. First, saccade direction and amplitude might be modified by high-level processes related to word identification. Second, the direction of a saccade directly affects its latency.

Digital Imaging in Remote Control

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1016-1017
Author(s):  
Gary N. Case ◽  
Mladen A. Vouk ◽  
John M. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Remote Control ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Refresh Rate ◽  
Astigmatism Correction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Display Systems

One of the common problems with current remote control systems is the quality of the digital image that reaches the remote user. The size, resolution, refresh rate, and latency all contribute to the quality of the remote users’ experience. We are working on a series of remote control and display systems that send images over dedicated and production networks to better understand the bandwidth and quality of service issues involved. The amount of bandwidth required is a function of compression, image size and frame rate. Different operations require quite different parameters. Focusing and astigmatism correction require faster frame rates but can be performed with reduced size. Imaging can stand slower frame rates but requires high resolution. The quality of service (QoS) is a measure of latency and how consistently the network delivers the required bandwidth.

Grain Refinement in Titanium-Erbium Alloys

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 522-523
Author(s):  
B. B. Rath ◽  
J. E. O'Neal ◽  
R. J. Lederich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Titanium Matrix ◽  
Average Size

Addition of small amounts of erbium has a profound effect on recrystallization and grain growth in titanium. Erbium, because of its negligible solubility in titanium, precipitates in the titanium matrix as a finely dispersed second phase. The presence of this phase, depending on its average size, distribution, and volume fraction in titanium, strongly inhibits the migration of grain boundaries during recrystallization and grain growth, and thus produces ultimate grains of sub-micrometer dimensions. A systematic investigation has been conducted to study the isothermal grain growth in electrolytically pure titanium and titanium-erbium alloys (Er concentration ranging from 0-0.3 at.%) over the temperature range of 450 to 850°C by electron microscopy.

Identification by Electron Microdiffraction of Intermetallic Phases in a Duplex Stainless Steel

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
A. Redjaïmia ◽  
J.P. Morniroli ◽  
G. Metauer ◽  
M. Gantois
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Parallel Beam ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Electron Microdiffraction

2D and especially 3D symmetry information required to determine the crystal structure of four intermetallic phases present as small particles (average size in the range 100-500nm) in a Fe.22Cr.5Ni.3Mo.0.03C duplex stainless steel is not present in most Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) patterns. Nevertheless it is possible to deduce many crystal features and to identify unambiguously these four phases by means of microdiffraction patterns obtained with a nearly parallel beam focused on a very small area (50-100nm).From examinations of the whole pattern reduced (RS) and full (FS) symmetries the 7 crystal systems and the 11 Laue classes are distinguished without ambiguity (1). By considering the shifts and the periodicity differences between the ZOLZ and FOLZ reflection nets on specific Zone Axis Patterns (ZAP) which depend on the crystal system, the centering type of the cell and the glide planes are simultaneously identified (2). This identification is easily done by comparisons with the corresponding simulated diffraction patterns.

Effects of Momentary Affect on Satisfaction Judgments

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Marko Tončić ◽  
Petra Anić
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Models ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Events Data ◽  
Level Satisfaction ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract. This study aims to examine the effect of affect on satisfaction, both at the between- and the within-person level for momentary assessments. Affect is regarded as an important source of information for life satisfaction judgments. This affective effect on satisfaction is well established at the dispositional level, while at the within-person level it is heavily under-researched. This is true especially for momentary assessments. In this experience sampling study both mood and satisfaction scales were administered five times a day for 7 days via hand-held devices ( N = 74 with 2,122 assessments). Several hierarchical linear models were fitted to the data. Even though the amount of between-person variance was relatively low, both positive and negative affect had substantial effects on momentary satisfaction on the between- and the within-person level as well. The within-person effects of affect on satisfaction appear to be more pronounced than the between-person ones. At the momentary level, the amount of between-person variance is lower than in studies with longer time-frames. The affect-related effects on satisfaction possibly have a curvilinear relationship with the time-frame used, increasing in intensity up to a point and then decreasing again. Such a relationship suggests that, at the momentary level, satisfaction might behave in a more stochastic manner, allowing for transient events/data which are not necessarily affect-related to affect it.

The Effect of Semantic Neighbors on Word Identification: Evidence From Eye Movements

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badriya H. Al Farsi ◽  
Sarah Rule ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Identification
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