scholarly journals A selfish DNA element engages a meiosis-specific motor and telomeres for germ-line propagation

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumitra Sau ◽  
Michael N. Conrad ◽  
Chih-Ying Lee ◽  
David B. Kaback ◽  
Michael E. Dresser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Selfish Dna ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Plasmid Segregation ◽  
Selfish Genetic Element ◽  
Telomere Binding Protein ◽  
Stable Plasmid ◽  
Telomere Association ◽  
2 Micron Plasmid ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

The chromosome-like mitotic stability of the yeast 2 micron plasmid is conferred by the plasmid proteins Rep1-Rep2 and the cis-acting locus STB, likely by promoting plasmid-chromosome association and segregation by hitchhiking. Our analysis reveals that stable plasmid segregation during meiosis requires the bouquet proteins Ndj1 and Csm4. Plasmid relocalization from the nuclear interior in mitotic cells to the periphery at or proximal to telomeres rises from early meiosis to pachytene. Analogous to chromosomes, the plasmid undergoes Csm4- and Ndj1-dependent rapid prophase movements with speeds comparable to those of telomeres. Lack of Ndj1 partially disrupts plasmid–telomere association without affecting plasmid colocalization with the telomere-binding protein Rap1. The plasmid appears to engage a meiosis-specific motor that orchestrates telomere-led chromosome movements for its telomere-associated segregation during meiosis I. This hitherto uncharacterized mode of germ-line transmission by a selfish genetic element signifies a mechanistic variation within the shared theme of chromosome-coupled plasmid segregation during mitosis and meiosis.

scholarly journals Chromatin organization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2 microns plasmid depends on plasmid-encoded products.

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2190-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
B E Veit ◽  
W L Fangman
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Plasmid Copy Number ◽  
Chromatin Organization ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Plasmid Copy ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Stable Plasmid ◽  
2 Micron Plasmid ◽  
Plasmid Genes ◽  
A Site

We have used gene disruptions and nuclease probes to assess the roles of yeast 2 micron plasmid genes in plasmid chromatin organization. The chromatin structure at the replication origin is not dependent on any of the four major open reading frames, A, B, C, or D. While stable plasmid maintenance is known to depend on a cis-acting locus STB and genes B and C, we find that only gene B influences STB chromatin. Other interactions between plasmid gene products and sequences may reflect gene regulation: the chromatin organization at the 5' end of gene A, which codes for a site-specific recombinase, depends on both gene B and gene C. Since disruption of gene C results in an increase in plasmid copy number that is dependent on gene A, we propose that gene C (and probably gene B) control copy number by regulating the level of the gene A recombinase.

Chromatin organization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2 microns plasmid depends on plasmid-encoded products

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2190-2196
Author(s):  
B E Veit ◽  
W L Fangman
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Plasmid Copy Number ◽  
Chromatin Organization ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Plasmid Copy ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Stable Plasmid ◽  
2 Micron Plasmid ◽  
Plasmid Genes ◽  
A Site

We have used gene disruptions and nuclease probes to assess the roles of yeast 2 micron plasmid genes in plasmid chromatin organization. The chromatin structure at the replication origin is not dependent on any of the four major open reading frames, A, B, C, or D. While stable plasmid maintenance is known to depend on a cis-acting locus STB and genes B and C, we find that only gene B influences STB chromatin. Other interactions between plasmid gene products and sequences may reflect gene regulation: the chromatin organization at the 5' end of gene A, which codes for a site-specific recombinase, depends on both gene B and gene C. Since disruption of gene C results in an increase in plasmid copy number that is dependent on gene A, we propose that gene C (and probably gene B) control copy number by regulating the level of the gene A recombinase.

Germ line transmission of an inactive N-myc allele generated by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 6755-6758
Author(s):  
B R Stanton ◽  
S W Reid ◽  
L F Parada
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

We have disrupted one allele of the N-myc locus in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by using homologous recombination techniques and have obtained germ line transmission of null N-myc ES cell lines with transmission of the null N-myc allele to the offspring. The creation of mice with a deficient N-myc allele will allow the generation of offspring bearing null N-myc alleles in both chromosomes and permit study of the role that this proto-oncogene plays in embryonic development.

Distribution, expression and germ line transmission of exogenous DNA sequences following microinjection into Xenopus laevis eggs

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
L.D. Etkin ◽  
B. Pearman
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Mosaic Pattern ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

We analysed the fate, expression and germ line transmission of exogenous DNA which was microinjected into fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis. DNA was injected into fertilized eggs within 1 h following fertilization. The injected DNA was dispersed around the site of injection and became localized to cleavage nuclei by stage 6. Injected DNA persisted in the tissues of 6- to 8-month-old frogs and exhibited a mosaic pattern of distribution with regard to the presence or absence and copy number between different tissues. We detected the exogenous DNA sequences in 60% of injected frogs. Restriction digestion analysis of this DNA suggested that it is not rearranged and was organized as head-to-tail multimers. The copy number varied from 2 to 30 copies/cell in various tissues of the same frog. Plasmid pSV2CAT which contains the prokaryotic gene coding for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) enzyme linked to the SV40 early gene promoter was expressed in 50% of the animals containing the gene. The pattern of expression, however, varied between different animals and could not be correlated with copy number. We also showed that the exogenous DNA sequences were transmitted through the male germ line and that each offspring contained the gene integrated into a different region of the genome.

No evidence for germ-line transmission following prenatal and early postnatal AAV-mediated gene delivery

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Jakob ◽  
Christiane Mühle ◽  
Jung Park ◽  
Susi Weiß ◽  
Simon Waddington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

No evidence of germ-line transmission by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to mouse testes

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1448-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Kojima ◽  
Yutaro Hayashi ◽  
Satoshi Kurokawa ◽  
Kentaro Mizuno ◽  
Shoichi Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

scholarly journals Trisomy eight in ES cells is a common potential problem in gene targeting and interferes with germ line transmission

1997 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Hong Wu ◽  
Janet Loring ◽  
Sheriar Hormuzdi ◽  
Christine M. Disteche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Targeting ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

Attempts towards derivation and establishment of bovine embryonic stem cell-like cultures

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poul Maddox-Hyttel ◽  
Jakob O. Gjørret
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Germ Line Transmission

Current knowledge on the biology of mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESC) is stunningly sparse in light of their potential value in studies of development, functional genomics, generation of transgenic animals and human medicine. Despite many efforts to derive ESC from other mammalian species, ESC that retain their capacity for germ line transmission have only been verified in the mouse. However, the criterion of germ line transmission may not need to be fulfilled for exploitation of other abilities of these cells. Promising results with human ESC-like cells and adult stem cells have nourished great expectations for their potential use in regenerative medicine. However, such an application is far from reality and substantial research is required to elucidate aspects of the basic biology of pluripotent cells, as well as safety issues associated with the use of such cells in therapy. In this context, methods for the derivation, propagation and differentiation of ESC-like cultures from domestic animals would be highly desirable as biologically relevant models. Here, we review previously published efforts to establish bovine ESC-like cells and describe a procedure used in attempts to derive similar cells from bovine Day 12 embryos.

90 GERM-LINE TRANSMISSION OF DONOR MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN NUCLEAR TRANSFER-DERIVED COWS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
K. Takeda ◽  
K. Kaneyama ◽  
M. Tasai ◽  
S. Akagi ◽  
M. Yonai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Donor Cell ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Loop Region ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Germ Line Transmission ◽  
Host Embryo

In embryos derived by nuclear transfer (NT), fusion, or injection of donor cells with recipient oocytes caused mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Previous studies have reported varying patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission in cloned calves. Distribution of donor mtDNA found in offspring of NT-derived founders may also vary from donor–host embryo heteroplasmy to host embryo homoplasmy. Here we examined the transmission of mtDNA from NT cows to their progeny. NT cows were originally produced by fusion of enucleated oocytes with Jersey (J) or Holstein (H1) oviduct epithelial cells, or Holstein (H2) or Japanese Black (B) cumulus cells, as previously reported (Goto et al. 1999 Anim. Sci. J. 70, 243–245; Yonai et al. 2005 J. Dairy Sci. 88, 4097–4110; Akagi et al. 2003 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 66, 264–272). Transmission of donor cell mtDNA was analyzed by PCR-mediated single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis of the mitochondrial D-loop region. Eleven NT founder cows were analyzed, 4 (2 = J-NT, and 2 = H1-NT) of them were heteroplasmic whereas 7 (1 = J-NT, 1 = H1-NT, 2 = H2-NT, and 3 = B-NT) were homoplasmic for the host embryo mitochondria. The proportions of donor mtDNA detected in one J-NT cow was 7.7%, and those of other cow lineages were <2%. Heteroplasmic NT cows delivered a total of 9 progeny. Four of the 9 progeny exhibited heteroplasmy with high percentages of donor cell mtDNA populations (52%, 37%, 17%, and 43%). The other 5 progeny were obtained from heteroplasmic NT cows, and all samples of the 10 progeny obtained from the homoplasmic NT cows did not harbor detectable donor cell mtDNA. A genetic bottleneck in the female germ-line will generally favor the transmission of a single mitochondrial population, leading to a return to homoplasmy. Thus, some of progeny maintained heteroplasmy with a higher ratio than that of their NT mothers, which may also reflect a segregation distortion caused by the proposed mitochondrial bottleneck. These results demonstrated that donor mtDNA in NT cows could be transmitted to progeny with varying efficiencies, in a lineage-specific fashion.

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