scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF DINITROPHENOL AND THYROXIN ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS

1956 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maclean Smiths ◽  
René J. Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Thyroid Extract ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Staphylococcal Infections ◽  
Bactericidal Mechanism ◽  
Normal Weight Gain

Mice were given daily per os amounts of dinitrophenol or of thyroid extract sufficient to prevent or retard the normal weight gain of uninfected animals, but not large enough to cause their death. When mice maintained on these regimens for 1 or 2 weeks were infected with staphylococci, most of them died within 12 days—much more rapidly than did mice fed a normal diet. Deaths occurred even when the organism injected was a non-virulent staphylococcus, unable to cause fatal disease in mice fed a normal diet. There was some suggestion that thyroid treatment interfered with the bactericidal mechanism in the liver, spleen, and kidneys of mice during the initial phase of infection. In contrast there was no clear evidence at any time thereafter that either thyroid extract or dinitrophenol caused the staphylococci to multiply more rapidly in the various organs.

scholarly journals Pre-pregnancy nutritional status versus maternal weight gain and neonatal size

2019 ◽  
pp. 377-384
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Maternal Weight Gain ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Excess Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Weight Gain

Background. Maternal weight during pregnancy may affect both, the course of pregnancy and the anthropometric parameters of the newborn. The steadily growing problem of excessive weight in reproductive-age women is associated with the risk for gestational obesity and its negative consequences for the infant. Objectives. The aims of the study were to analyze the following: (i) maternal weight gain as compared to the pre-pregnancy BMI, and (ii) the link between maternal weight and other environmental factors versus neonatal size. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 94 women in singleton term pregnancy, who delivered at the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw. The American Institute of Medicine criteria for the recommended weight gain were followed. Multivariate logistic regression model and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results. Normal weight gain was observed in only one-third of the subjects, while excess weight gain was detected in as many as 42.5% of the women. Active smokers were at a 4-fold higher risk for excess weight gain as compared to nonsmokers (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.19 - 14.34, p = 0.026). Infants born to mothers with insufficient weight gain (24.5% of the mothers) were lighter by 302 g (p=0.0405) and shorter by 2.4 cm (p=0.0025) as compared to those born to mothers with normal weight gain. Conclusions. Maternal weight gain in most of our subjects was not compliant with the current recommendations, regardless of the pre-pregnancy BMI. Inadequate pregnancy weight gain negatively affects the anthropometric parameters of the newborn.

Effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone on growth rate, feed intake and energy metabolism of steers gaining or losing weight on roughage diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Severe Weight Loss ◽  
Normal Weight Gain ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone propionate, administered by intramuscular injection, on feed intake, live-weight change and fasting metabolism of steers was determined in two experiments. The first consisted of three growth phases: normal weight-gain on a long-chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay dietad libitum(8 weeks), live-weight loss on a low-quality pasture (Dichanthium aristatum) hay dietad libitum(12 weeks) and recovery gain on a lucerne hay dietad libitum(8 weeks). During normal weight-gain, the testosterone-treated steers had significantly (P< 0·01) higher weight gains than untreated steers (1·48v. 0·95 kg/day, respectively). Feed intakes and fasting metabolic rates of treated and control steers were not significantly different, being 28·2 and 29·1 g dry matter/kg live weight and 85·6 and 91·0 KJ/kg per day, respectively. The efficiency of feed conversion was significantly (P< 0·01) better in the treated steers (6·7v. 9·6 feed/kg weight-gain). There was no significant effect of treatment on any of these characters during live-weight loss or recovery gain. The weight changes during these periods wereca.–0·7 kg/day and 1·5 kg/day, respectively. After 12 weeks of severe weight loss, metabolic rate per unit live weight had decreased by 25% compared with that at the start of the weight-loss period.The second experiment examined the effect of the same dose of intramuscular testosterone propionate on another group of steers fed the low-quality roughage diet during a period of weight loss. Again there was no significant effect of treatment on weight loss, feed intake or fasting metabolism.It was concluded that the growth response to pharmacological doses of testosterone in well nourished steers was greater than that usually observed in comparisons between bulls and steers, and that testosterone was ineffective when administered to steers losing weight or in recovery gain after severe weight loss.

scholarly journals Clinical Management of Infants and Children with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
John Whitworth ◽  
Michael L. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Pharmacologic Therapy ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Normal Weight Gain

Gastroesophageal reflux refers to the passage of gastric contents including food, acid, and digestive enzymes up into the esophagus. Reflux is most commonly recognized in infants when it is associated with regurgitation, known as “spitting up,” and it is usually a self-limited, benign process that has little or no effect on normal weight gain or development. Adults and adolescents may also have reflux, which is usually either asymptomatic or recognized as dyspepsia or “heartburn.” Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as symptoms or complications that result from reflux. Most evidence suggests the mechanism of reflux is due to transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter at inappropriate times. The diagnosis of suspected GERD in infants and children depends on the age and the presenting symptoms. A thorough history, physical examination, and growth charts are sufficient for the evaluation and diagnosis of GERD in most infants with recurrent vomiting or children with regurgitation and heartburn. Additional evaluation may include an upper gastrointestinal series, esophageal pH monitoring, or endoscopy. The goals of GERD management are eliminating symptoms, healing esophagitis, preventing complications, promoting normal weight gain and growth, and maintaining remission. Therapeutic options include lifestyle changes, pharmacologic therapy, and anti-reflux surgery. Currently available pharmacologic agents for the treatment of GERD include antacids, mucosal protectants, prokinetic agents, and acid suppressants.

A re-evaluation of the anabolic effect of testosterone in rats: interactions with gonadectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher JH Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Anabolic Effect ◽  
Testosterone Treatment ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Normal Weight Gain

Growth and body composition were determined in rats implanted with silastic tubes containing testosterone. The implant (i) had no effect on growth in intact males, (ii) restored the sub-normal weight gain of gonadectomized males to normal (+ 30%; p<0.01), (iii) substantially increased weight gain in intact females (+ 172%; p<0.001), and (iv) caused a further increase (+32%; p<0.01) in the accelerated weight gain resulting from ovariectomy. In intact animals of both sexes, testosterone caused significant atrophy of the reproductive tissues; this was accompanied in females by reduced plasma estradiol concentrations. Thus the large effect of testosterone on growth in intact females is probably due to diminished secretion of ovarian estradiol, and is distinct from the smaller effect observed in castrated animals of both sexes. To investigate the mechanism underlying the latter response, testosterone was implanted in rats which had been both adrenalectomized and gonadectomized, and also in hypophysectomized animals. In each case a significant anabolic effect was observed, showing that the response requires neither adrenal nor pituitary glands. In all experiments, increased body weights resulting from testosterone treatment consisted at least partly of fat-free mass.

scholarly journals Proteomic pattern of breast milk discriminates obese mothers with infants of delayed weight gain from normal‐weight mothers with infants of normal weight gain

FEBS Open Bio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-742
Author(s):  
Christo Atanassov ◽  
Etienne Viallemonteil ◽  
Charlotte Lucas ◽  
Marylise Perivier ◽  
Stéphane Claverol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Normal Weight Gain

scholarly journals Effect of Gestational Weight Gain on Perinatal Outcomes in Low Risk Pregnancies with Normal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Mefkure Eraslan Sahin ◽  
Ilknur Col Madendag
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Excessive Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Prepregnancy Bmi ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Normal Weight Gain ◽  
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes

Objective. This study aimed to clarify the effect of gestational weight gain (GWG) on perinatal outcomes in low risk pregnancies with normal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). Study Design. A total of 572 low-risk pregnant women with a normal prepregnancy BMI were included. GWG and inadequate or excessive weight gain were defined according to the United States Institute of Medicine updated guidelines. Adverse perinatal outcomes were compared among inadequate, normal, and excessive weight gain groups. Results. Of the 572 pregnant women enrolled, 62 belonged to inadequate GWG group, 80 to excessive GWG group, and 430 to normal GWG group. Maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, gravity, parity, and previous cesarean delivery rates were similar among groups. Adverse perinatal outcomes were not statistically significant among groups. Fetal weight was significantly lower in inadequate weight gain group compared to normal weight gain group (p<0.001) and fetal weight was significantly lower in normal weight gain group compared to excessive weight gain group (p<0.001). Additionally, low birth weight <2.5kgs, birth weight > 4.0kgs, and SGA and LGA rates were similar among groups (P = 0.765, P = 0. 711, P = 0. 702, and P = 0.414, respectively). Although gestational age at delivery was term in normal percentile it was significantly lower in the inadequate weight gain group compared to others (P=0.010). Conclusions. This study showed that an inadequate or excessive weight gain in low-risk pregnancies with a normal prepregnancy BMI did not increase the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.

scholarly journals Rapid weight gain in early life is associated with severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
You Ree Kim ◽  
Hak Kyoun Cho ◽  
Eun Hye Lee ◽  
Yong-Sung Choi ◽  
Hoi Soo Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Weight Gain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Current Weight

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether rapid weight gain in early life was associated with the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in children.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 190 patients (1–24 months) hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis. Parameters of bronchiolitis severity were compared between rapid (change in weight z-score from birth >0.67, n = 65) and normal weight gain groups (n = 125). We assessed for correlations between bronchiolitis severity and weight gain. Linear regression was performed to predict for bronchiolitis severity based on weight gain, controlling for covariates. SPSS was used for statistical analyses.Results: The rapid weight gain group had longer mean durations of tachypnea (2.3±2.0 vs. 1.7±1.8 days, P = 0.027), wheezing (3.2±2.5 vs. 1.6±1.8 days, P < 0.001), and chest retractions (1.5±2.2 vs. 0.6±1.3 days, P = 0.007). Correlations of weight gain with tachypnea (r = 0.146), wheezing (r = 0.279), and chest retractions (r = 0.179) were statistically significant. Weight gain predicted for tachypnea (B = 0.485, P = 0.013) and wheezing (B = 0.846, P = 0.001) durations after adjusting for covariates of severity (age, sex, current weight, RSV type, coin-fection, recurrent bronchiolitis, hospital stay, fever, oxygen supplementation, maximal respi-ratory and heart rates, and laboratory indices).Conclusions: Our findings suggest an association between weight gain and severity of RSV bronchiolitis in young children. Weight gain was significantly associated with the durations of tachypnea and wheezing. The trajectory of weight gain in early life may play a significant role in the clinical course of RSV bronchiolitis.

scholarly journals Overcoming limitations of self-report: an assessment of fear of weight gain in anorexia nervosa and healthy controls using implicit association tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiana Borgers ◽  
Nathalie Krüger ◽  
Silja Vocks ◽  
Jennifer J. Thomas ◽  
Franziska Plessow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Drive For Thinness ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Implicit Assessment ◽  
Fear Of Weight Gain

Abstract Background Fear of weight gain is a characteristic feature of anorexia nervosa (AN), and reducing this fear is often a main target of treatment. However, research shows that 20% of individuals with AN do not report fear of weight gain. Studies are needed that evaluate the centrality of fear of weight gain for AN with a method less susceptible to deception than self-report. Methods We approximated implicit fear of weight gain by measuring implicit drive for thinness using implicit association tests (IATs). We asked 64 participants (35 AN, 29 healthy controls [HCs]) to categorize statements as pro-dieting vs. non-dieting and true vs. false in a questionnaire-based IAT, and pictures of underweight vs. normal-weight models and positive vs. negative words in a picture-based IAT using two response keys. We tested for associations between implicit drive for thinness and explicitly reported psychopathology within AN as well as group differences between AN and HC groups. Results Correlation analyses within the AN group showed that higher implicit drive for thinness was associated with more pronounced eating disorder-specific psychopathology. Furthermore, the AN group showed a stronger implicit drive for thinness than HCs in both IATs. Conclusion The results highlight the relevance of considering fear of weight gain as a continuous construct. Our implicit assessment captures various degrees of fear of weight gain in AN, which might allow for more individually tailored interventions in the future.

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