Proteomic pattern of breast milk discriminates obese mothers with infants of delayed weight gain from normal‐weight mothers with infants of normal weight gain

Mice were given daily per os amounts of dinitrophenol or of thyroid extract sufficient to prevent or retard the normal weight gain of uninfected animals, but not large enough to cause their death. When mice maintained on these regimens for 1 or 2 weeks were infected with staphylococci, most of them died within 12 days—much more rapidly than did mice fed a normal diet. Deaths occurred even when the organism injected was a non-virulent staphylococcus, unable to cause fatal disease in mice fed a normal diet. There was some suggestion that thyroid treatment interfered with the bactericidal mechanism in the liver, spleen, and kidneys of mice during the initial phase of infection. In contrast there was no clear evidence at any time thereafter that either thyroid extract or dinitrophenol caused the staphylococci to multiply more rapidly in the various organs.

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Breastfeeding Practices Influence the Breast Milk Microbiota Depending on Pre-Gestational Maternal BMI and Weight Gain over Pregnancy

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1518

Author(s):

Erika Cortés-Macías ◽

Marta Selma-Royo ◽

Cecilia Martínez-Costa ◽

Maria Carmen Collado

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Post Partum ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Maternal Factors ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

Immune System Development ◽

The Impact

Breastfeeding is critical for adequate neonatal microbial and immune system development affecting neonate health outcomes in the short and long term. There is a great interest in ascertaining which are the maternal factors contributing to the milk microbiota and the potential relevance for the developing infant. Thus, our study aimed to characterize the effect of mixed and exclusive breastfeeding practices on the milk microbiota and to determine the impact of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain over pregnancy on its composition. Breast milk samples from 136 healthy women were collected within the first month post-partum and milk microbiota profiling was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Information on breastfeeding habits and maternal-infant clinical data were recorded. Breastfeeding practices (exclusive vs. mixed), maternal pre-gestational BMI, and weight gain over pregnancy contributed to the milk microbiota variation. Pre-gestational normal-weight women with exclusive breastfeeding habits harbored a significantly higher abundance of Bifidobacterium genus, and also, higher alpha-diversity compared to the rest of the women. Our results confirm the importance of controlling weight during pregnancy and breastfeeding practices in terms of milk microbiota. Further studies to clarify the potential impact of these maternal factors on milk and infant development and health will be necessary.

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Pre-pregnancy nutritional status versus maternal weight gain and neonatal size

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny ◽

10.32394/rpzh.2019.0089 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 377-384

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Maternal Weight Gain ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Excess Weight Gain ◽

Normal Weight Gain

Background. Maternal weight during pregnancy may affect both, the course of pregnancy and the anthropometric parameters of the newborn. The steadily growing problem of excessive weight in reproductive-age women is associated with the risk for gestational obesity and its negative consequences for the infant. Objectives. The aims of the study were to analyze the following: (i) maternal weight gain as compared to the pre-pregnancy BMI, and (ii) the link between maternal weight and other environmental factors versus neonatal size. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 94 women in singleton term pregnancy, who delivered at the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw. The American Institute of Medicine criteria for the recommended weight gain were followed. Multivariate logistic regression model and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results. Normal weight gain was observed in only one-third of the subjects, while excess weight gain was detected in as many as 42.5% of the women. Active smokers were at a 4-fold higher risk for excess weight gain as compared to nonsmokers (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.19 - 14.34, p = 0.026). Infants born to mothers with insufficient weight gain (24.5% of the mothers) were lighter by 302 g (p=0.0405) and shorter by 2.4 cm (p=0.0025) as compared to those born to mothers with normal weight gain. Conclusions. Maternal weight gain in most of our subjects was not compliant with the current recommendations, regardless of the pre-pregnancy BMI. Inadequate pregnancy weight gain negatively affects the anthropometric parameters of the newborn.

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Intestinal Enterococcus abundance correlates inversely with excessive weight gain and increased plasma leptin in breastfed infants

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiaa066 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Martin Frederik Laursen ◽

Melanie Wange Larsson ◽

Mads Vendelbo Lind ◽

Anni Larnkjær ◽

Christian Mølgaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Large Body ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Excessive Weight Gain ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Excessive Weight ◽

Small Subgroup ◽

Plasma Leptin

ABSTRACT Epidemiological evidence indicates that breastfeeding provides protection against development of overweight/obesity. Nonetheless, a small subgroup of infants undergo excessive weight gain during exclusive breastfeeding, a phenomenon that remains unexplained. Breast milk contains both gut-seeding microbes and substrates for microbial growth in the gut of infants, and a large body of evidence suggests a role for gut microbes in host metabolism. Based on the recently established SKOT III cohort, we investigated the role of the infant gut microbiota in excessive infant weight gain during breastfeeding, including 30 exclusively breastfed infants, 13 of which exhibited excessive weight gain and 17 controls which exhibited normal weight gain during infancy. Infants undergoing excessive weight gain during breastfeeding had a reduced abundance of gut Enterococcus as compared with that observed in the controls. Within the complete cohort, Enterococcus abundance correlated inversely with age/gender-adjusted body-weight, body-mass index and waist circumference, body fat and levels of plasma leptin. The reduced abundance of Enterococcus in infants with excessive weight gain was coupled to a lower content of Enterococcus in breast milk samples of their mothers than seen for mothers in the control group. Together, this suggests that lack of breast milk-derived gut-seeding Enterococci may contribute to excessive weight gain in breastfed infants.

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Effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone on growth rate, feed intake and energy metabolism of steers gaining or losing weight on roughage diets

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600085154 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 112 (2) ◽

pp. 257-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. A. Hunter

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Testosterone Propionate ◽

Live Weight ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Severe Weight Loss ◽

Normal Weight Gain ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone propionate, administered by intramuscular injection, on feed intake, live-weight change and fasting metabolism of steers was determined in two experiments. The first consisted of three growth phases: normal weight-gain on a long-chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay dietad libitum(8 weeks), live-weight loss on a low-quality pasture (Dichanthium aristatum) hay dietad libitum(12 weeks) and recovery gain on a lucerne hay dietad libitum(8 weeks). During normal weight-gain, the testosterone-treated steers had significantly (P< 0·01) higher weight gains than untreated steers (1·48v. 0·95 kg/day, respectively). Feed intakes and fasting metabolic rates of treated and control steers were not significantly different, being 28·2 and 29·1 g dry matter/kg live weight and 85·6 and 91·0 KJ/kg per day, respectively. The efficiency of feed conversion was significantly (P< 0·01) better in the treated steers (6·7v. 9·6 feed/kg weight-gain). There was no significant effect of treatment on any of these characters during live-weight loss or recovery gain. The weight changes during these periods wereca.–0·7 kg/day and 1·5 kg/day, respectively. After 12 weeks of severe weight loss, metabolic rate per unit live weight had decreased by 25% compared with that at the start of the weight-loss period.The second experiment examined the effect of the same dose of intramuscular testosterone propionate on another group of steers fed the low-quality roughage diet during a period of weight loss. Again there was no significant effect of treatment on weight loss, feed intake or fasting metabolism.It was concluded that the growth response to pharmacological doses of testosterone in well nourished steers was greater than that usually observed in comparisons between bulls and steers, and that testosterone was ineffective when administered to steers losing weight or in recovery gain after severe weight loss.

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Clinical Management of Infants and Children with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics ◽

10.5863/1551-6776-9.4.243 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 243-253

Author(s):

John Whitworth ◽

Michael L. Christensen

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Pharmacologic Therapy ◽

Presenting Symptoms ◽

Normal Weight Gain

Gastroesophageal reflux refers to the passage of gastric contents including food, acid, and digestive enzymes up into the esophagus. Reflux is most commonly recognized in infants when it is associated with regurgitation, known as “spitting up,” and it is usually a self-limited, benign process that has little or no effect on normal weight gain or development. Adults and adolescents may also have reflux, which is usually either asymptomatic or recognized as dyspepsia or “heartburn.” Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as symptoms or complications that result from reflux. Most evidence suggests the mechanism of reflux is due to transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter at inappropriate times. The diagnosis of suspected GERD in infants and children depends on the age and the presenting symptoms. A thorough history, physical examination, and growth charts are sufficient for the evaluation and diagnosis of GERD in most infants with recurrent vomiting or children with regurgitation and heartburn. Additional evaluation may include an upper gastrointestinal series, esophageal pH monitoring, or endoscopy. The goals of GERD management are eliminating symptoms, healing esophagitis, preventing complications, promoting normal weight gain and growth, and maintaining remission. Therapeutic options include lifestyle changes, pharmacologic therapy, and anti-reflux surgery. Currently available pharmacologic agents for the treatment of GERD include antacids, mucosal protectants, prokinetic agents, and acid suppressants.

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A re-evaluation of the anabolic effect of testosterone in rats: interactions with gonadectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1280473 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 128 (5) ◽

pp. 473-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Christopher JH Woodward

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Anabolic Effect ◽

Testosterone Treatment ◽

Body Weights ◽

Plasma Estradiol ◽

Pituitary Glands ◽

Normal Weight Gain

Growth and body composition were determined in rats implanted with silastic tubes containing testosterone. The implant (i) had no effect on growth in intact males, (ii) restored the sub-normal weight gain of gonadectomized males to normal (+ 30%; p<0.01), (iii) substantially increased weight gain in intact females (+ 172%; p<0.001), and (iv) caused a further increase (+32%; p<0.01) in the accelerated weight gain resulting from ovariectomy. In intact animals of both sexes, testosterone caused significant atrophy of the reproductive tissues; this was accompanied in females by reduced plasma estradiol concentrations. Thus the large effect of testosterone on growth in intact females is probably due to diminished secretion of ovarian estradiol, and is distinct from the smaller effect observed in castrated animals of both sexes. To investigate the mechanism underlying the latter response, testosterone was implanted in rats which had been both adrenalectomized and gonadectomized, and also in hypophysectomized animals. In each case a significant anabolic effect was observed, showing that the response requires neither adrenal nor pituitary glands. In all experiments, increased body weights resulting from testosterone treatment consisted at least partly of fat-free mass.

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Effect of Gestational Weight Gain on Perinatal Outcomes in Low Risk Pregnancies with Normal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/3768601 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Mefkure Eraslan Sahin ◽

Ilknur Col Madendag

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Low Risk ◽

Excessive Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Prepregnancy Bmi ◽

Excessive Weight ◽

Normal Weight Gain ◽

Adverse Perinatal Outcomes

Objective. This study aimed to clarify the effect of gestational weight gain (GWG) on perinatal outcomes in low risk pregnancies with normal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). Study Design. A total of 572 low-risk pregnant women with a normal prepregnancy BMI were included. GWG and inadequate or excessive weight gain were defined according to the United States Institute of Medicine updated guidelines. Adverse perinatal outcomes were compared among inadequate, normal, and excessive weight gain groups. Results. Of the 572 pregnant women enrolled, 62 belonged to inadequate GWG group, 80 to excessive GWG group, and 430 to normal GWG group. Maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, gravity, parity, and previous cesarean delivery rates were similar among groups. Adverse perinatal outcomes were not statistically significant among groups. Fetal weight was significantly lower in inadequate weight gain group compared to normal weight gain group (p<0.001) and fetal weight was significantly lower in normal weight gain group compared to excessive weight gain group (p<0.001). Additionally, low birth weight <2.5kgs, birth weight > 4.0kgs, and SGA and LGA rates were similar among groups (P = 0.765, P = 0. 711, P = 0. 702, and P = 0.414, respectively). Although gestational age at delivery was term in normal percentile it was significantly lower in the inadequate weight gain group compared to others (P=0.010). Conclusions. This study showed that an inadequate or excessive weight gain in low-risk pregnancies with a normal prepregnancy BMI did not increase the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.

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