scholarly journals NATURE OF FLUIDS WHICH FUNCTIONALLY DISTEND THE KIDNEY

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Swann ◽  
Luis Valdivia ◽  
A. A. Ormsby ◽  
W. T. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Free Fluid ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Composite Mixture ◽  
Venous Plasma

The nature of the fluid draining from the kidney, after its artery was occluded, was investigated. Samples of systemic arterial blood, renal venous blood and urine were also analyzed. It was found that the fluid draining from the kidney after occlusion is a mixture of vascular blood and another fluid designated as "diluting fluid," each contributing half to the composite mixture. In volume the mixture is 26 per cent of the functionally distended kidney. With the assumption that the renal extracellular fluid can be considered a simple mixture of blood plasma and a cell-free fluid, the composition of the "diluting fluid" was deduced from the known compositions of vascular blood and total fluid draining. The ratios of its content in a given substance to that in systemic (or renal venous) plasma are: for Na and Ca, 1.0; K, 1.5; Cl, 1.2; PO4, 2.0; urea, 1.8; plasma protein, 0.3; albumin, 0.4; glucose, 0.4, and osmolarity, 1.2. The fluid bears little or no relation to urine, especially since the urine varied considerably between individual dogs whereas the "diluting fluid" was relatively constant in composition. It was also found that the hematocrit of the fluid draining after arterial occlusion progressively decreased as it flowed out, until the last portion contained only 5 per cent red cells. It is concluded that since renal lymph has approximately the same composition in protein, urea, glucose, and inulin as does "diluting fluid," the latter is, in all probability, renal interstitial fluid. Under the conditions of the experiment, it drains out of the kidney slowly relative to blood drainage. It is large in volume, particularly when compared with the capillaries that nourish it. Its high protein content explains the observation that the kidney is apparently naturally distended with a fluid disproportionately rich in plasma protein.

Non-Invasive Measurement of Microvascular Permeability to a Small Solute in Man: Validation of the Technique

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cousins ◽  
N. D. Jonker ◽  
L. M. Banks ◽  
S. Mohammadtaghi ◽  
M. J. Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Microvascular Permeability ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Retention Function ◽  
Deconvolution Analysis ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. The purpose of the study was to evaluate a non-invasive technique for measurement of microvascular permeability to a small hydrophilic solute. 2. The technique measures the clearance of 99mTc-labelled diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) from plasma into interstitial fluid in a limb after intravenous injection and uses a scintillation probe and a technique of graphical analysis called the Patlak plot, the uptake constant of which reflects 99mTc-DTPA transfer from plasma to interstitial fluid. Using deconvolution analysis, the retention function in the limb of intravenous 99mTc-DTPA was also measured. 3. The clearance values given by these two analytical techniques were compared with clearance from the same vascular bed after bolus femoral intra-arterial injection of 99mTc-DTPA. 4. Sixteen patients undergoing routine diagnostic arteriography were studied: six received sequential femoral intra-arterial injections of 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin (HSA) and 99mTc-DTPA, two received sequential intra-arterial and intravenous injections of 99mTc-HSA and eight received sequential intra-arterial and intravenous injections of 99mTc-DTPA. Tissue uptake and clearance were recorded from the limb with a scintillation probe and plasma clearance by arterial blood sampling. Tracer recirculation was addressed using a second scintillation probe over the contralateral limb. 5. After intra-arterial injection, 99mTc-HSA clearance was monoexponential, reflecting intravascular transit, and was completed by 2–5 min in seven subjects and in about 10 min in one. The corresponding 99mTc-DTPA clearance curves in the six subjects who also received intra-arterial DTPA were biexponential, analysis of which yielded a 99mTc-DTPA extraction fraction of about 0.6. By comparison with 99mTc-HSA clearance, the first exponential clearly corresponded to intravascular transit of unextracted 99mTc-DTPA. 6. In the eight patients given sequential intra-arterial and intravenous injections of 99mTc-DTPA, the second exponential recorded after intra-arterial injection, representing 99mTc-DTPA clearance from the interstitial fluid, agreed well with (a) the Patlak uptake constant recorded over the limb after intravenous injection, representing clearance from plasma into the interstitial fluid and (b) the retention function of 99mTc-DTPA in a limb calculated by deconvolution analysis. The mean clearance following intraarterial injection (expressed in relation to extracellular fluid volume) was 9.6 (SD 2.4) ml min−1 100 ml−1, while the corresponding mean clearance after intravenous injection was 8.8 (2.1) ml min−1 100 ml−1 calculated by Patlak analysis and 10.5 (2.7) ml min−1 100 ml−1 by deconvolution analysis. 7. We conclude that, under the conditions of measurement, 99mTc-DTPA is about 60% extracted into the interstitial fluid in a single pass through an extremity and that clearance into the extravascular space can be measured with reasonable accuracy after intravenous injection.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Some Plasma Protein Fractions When Added to Hemostatic Arterial Blood

Blood ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1433-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. CRUZ ◽  
J. R. MAGALHAES ◽  
L. MEIS
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Normal Hemostasis ◽  
Venous Plasma

Abstract Dog arterial and venous plasma and lymph were fractionated by Cohn method 10 and the fractions tested for inhibitory activity when added to normal arterial blood in the dog hind leg preparation adapted for studies on hemostasis. Cohn fraction IV from arterial or venous plasma and from lymph was the only fraction, at low concentrations, able to inhibit the hemostatic ability of normal arterial plasma. Some facts suggest that alpha-lipoproteins are the plasma constituent of fraction IV with inhibitory effect on normal arterial blood. Biochemical changes in blood plasma seem more important or more directly connected with the mechanism of normal hemostasis control than the participation of blood cellular elements.

A METHOD TO STUDY TEMPORAL CHANGES IN ADRENAL ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO SEXUAL STATUS IN THE FEMALE LABORATORY RAT

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. PHILLIPS ◽  
W. POOLSANGUAN
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
High Level ◽  
Venous Plasma

There is a temporal relationship between the secretory activity of the rat adrenal gland and the stage of the oestrous cycle. In previous studies, adrenal venous blood has been sampled, but because of the stress of a lengthy operation, the gland is subjected to maximum stimulation. A new surgical approach has been developed in which samples of adrenal venous blood are taken within 3 min of contact. A competitive binding radioassay was used to determine the level of corticosterone in samples of plasma of both adrenal venous and peripheral arterial origin obtained before (3 min) and after (15 min) the onset of (presumably) ACTH-induced secretion. A reassessment of adrenal function indicated that adrenal activity peaked in pro-oestrus with higher values in the afternoon than the morning and both values were significantly higher than at any other stage in the oestrous cycle. The variations in the concentration of corticosterone in adrenal venous plasma were reflected by a similar pattern of variation in the level of corticosterone in peripheral arterial plasma. In samples of adrenal venous plasma obtained at 15 min, the level of corticosterone was approximately 25 times higher than the basal value during pro-oestrus and approximately 140 times higher than the values during the other stages of the cycle; for peripheral arterial blood the values were eight and 22–30 times higher respectively, without any significant difference when samples of either type of blood were obtained under stress. This indicates maximum stimulation by endogenous ACTH. Results obtained after treatment of ovariectomized rats with progesterone and/or oestradiol and the fact that LH, but not ACTH, plays a stimulatory role in the non-stressed metoestrous animal, suggest that the peak of adrenal activity at the time of pro-oestrus might be biphasic: in the morning it is influenced by a high level of oestrogen and a low level of progesterone; in the afternoon this balance is reversed. The effect is secondary to the surge of LH which may have a direct effect on the peak of adrenal activity at this critical period.

Relative effects of carbonic anhydrase infusion or inhibition on carbon dioxide transport and acid-base status in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus following exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
B Tufts ◽  
S Currie ◽  
J Kieffer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Co2 Transport ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status

In vivo experiments were carried out to determine the relative effects of carbonic anhydrase (CA) infusion or inhibition on carbon dioxide (CO2) transport and acid-base status in the arterial and venous blood of sea lampreys recovering from exhaustive exercise. Infusion of CA into the extracellular fluid did not significantly affect CO2 transport or acid-base status in exercised lampreys. In contrast, infusion of the CA inhibitor acetazolamide resulted in a respiratory acidosis in the blood of recovering lampreys. In acetazolamide-treated lampreys, the post-exercise extracellular pH (pHe) of arterial blood was significantly lower than that in the saline-infused (control) lampreys. The calculated arterial and venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and the total CO2 concentration in whole blood (CCO2wb) and red blood cells (CCO2rbc) during recovery in the acetazolamide-infused lampreys were also significantly greater than those values in the saline-infused control lampreys. These results suggest that the CO2 reactions in the extracellular compartment of lampreys may already be in equilibrium and that the access of plasma bicarbonate to CA is probably not the sole factor limiting CO2 transport in these animals. Furthermore, endogenous red blood cell CA clearly has an important role in CO2 transport in exercising lampreys.

scholarly journals DEPLETION OF RESERVE PROTEIN FROM EXTRAVASCULAR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

1959 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Yuile ◽  
F. V. Lucas ◽  
R. D. Neubecker ◽  
C. G. Cochrane ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Reserve Protein ◽  
The Status ◽  
Normal Ratio ◽  
Very Low Protein Diet

During protein depletion produced by plasmapheresis and a very low protein diet there is a proportionately greater decrease in extravascular, extracellular fluid protein than in plasma protein. A shift in the normal ratio of protein in these 2 compartments, approximately 1 to 1 in the dog, to over 2 to 1 as a result of depletion indicates an important, labile source of reserve protein for the plasma in the interstitial fluids. This reserve source is limited since a maximum drop of 50 per cent in the total exchangeable pool and of 75 per cent in the extravascular, extracellular protein occurred after both shorter and longer periods of depletion. Under the rigid conditions of these experiments additional plasma protein removal was associated with loss of weight despite adequate caloric intake. Investigation of the status of the interstitial fluid proteins in other conditions associated with disturbed protein metabolism seems warranted.

Dynamics of testosterone secretion by the rat testis: implications for measurement of the intratesticular levels of testosterone

1989 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Maddocks ◽  
R. M. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Spermatic Cord ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Rat Testis ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Accurate Indication ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACT Testosterone concentrations have been measured in testicular interstitial fluid (IF), and in blood plasma sampled from various parts of the rat testis and spermatic cord, to assess (1) the most accurate method for determination of the intratesticular levels of testosterone, and (2) the route of secretion of testosterone from the testis. In untreated adult rats, testosterone concentrations were highest in blood collected from veins on the surface of the testis (269·50 ± 30·63 (s.e.m.) nmol/l), but were reduced by 56% on average in blood collected from veins at the proximal end of the spermatic cord (123·06±24·75 nmol/l), and were reduced considerably in peripheral venous blood (4·55 ± 0·55 nmol/l). Similar changes occurred in adult rats in which steroidogenesis was either stimulated (by treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin; hCG) or inhibited (by treatment with aminoglutethimide; AMG), and in rats of various ages during sexual maturation. The reduction in testosterone levels during passage of blood from the testis up the spermatic cord is probably due mainly to dilution by incoming arterial blood which transfers to venous blood via anastomoses in the spermatic cord. Venous-arterial transfer of testosterone in the cord contributed to this in only a minor way. Concentrations of testosterone in testicular IF were always greater than testicular venous concentrations in control, developing and hCG-stimulated rats, but were comparable in rats treated with AMG to suppress Leydig cell steroidogenesis. These and other results demonstrate that the method of drip-collection of IF results in over-estimation of the actual intratesticular levels of testosterone. However, the present study also suggests that testicular venous blood probably provides the most accurate indication of the concentrations of testosterone in IF (and therefore in the testis) at any given time. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 122, 323–329

Placental transfer of I131-insulin in the rhesus monkey

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Josimovich ◽  
E. Knobil
Keyword(s):  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Plasma

Pregnant rhesus monkeys were anesthetized, their uteri were exposed, and the interplacental vessels (fetal circulation) were cannulated without incision of the amnion. This procedure permitted simultaneous sampling of maternal blood, umbilical venous blood and umbilical arterial blood. I131-labeled insulin injected into the material circulation was detected in umbilical venous plasma, within 5 minutes after the injection, by the use of a chromatographic procedure which permits the separation of I131-insulin from other iodinated compounds. The concentration of I131-insulin in fetal plasma did not exceed 20% of that found concurrently in maternal plasma. A marked umbilical arterial-venous difference in I131-insulin concentration was consistently observed. The concentration of iodinated degradation products of I131-insulin was considerably higher in umbilical arterial plasma than in umbilical venous plasma, suggesting rapid degradation of the labeled hormone by the fetus. Conversely, the injection of I131-insulin into the fetal circulation was followed by the appearance of significant quantities of the labeled hormone in the maternal circulation. These experiments lead to the conclusion that insulin can cross the primate placenta.

Hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to hyperthermic cancer therapy in humans

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (5) ◽  
pp. H570-H574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. D. Kim ◽  
C. R. Lake ◽  
D. E. Lees ◽  
W. H. Schuette ◽  
J. M. Bull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cardiac Index ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Mixed Venous ◽  
Venous Plasma

Cancer patients, treated with hyperthermia (to 41.5 degrees C) under thiopental and fentanyl anesthesia, had smaller increases in heart rate and cardiac index and lesser decreases in mean arterial pressure than those reported in normal volunteers. At basal body temperature anesthesia did not alter catecholamine levels. Increasing body temperature to 39.5 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C resulted in parallel increases in heart rate and cardiac index that were directly related to the increases in plasma norepinephrine levels. At basal temperature cutaneous venous plasma norepinephrine levels exceeded those of arterial; mixed-venous plasma levels were intermediate. At 39.5 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C there were sequential increases in plasma norepinephrine. The increases in mixed-venous and arterial norepinephrine were significantly greater than in cutaneous venous blood. The differential increases in norepinephrine levels in cutaneous venous, mixed-venous, and arterial blood indicate that during hyperthermia sympathetic nerve activity in skin is decreased while that in other areas is increased, suggesting that alterations in sympathetic activity modulate the hemodynamic changes that attend hyperthermia in man.

scholarly journals How much LH do the Leydig cells see?

2002 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
BP Setchell ◽  
P Pakarinen ◽  
I Huhtaniemi
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
In Blood Plasma

The purpose of this study was to assess the concentrations of LH that Leydig cells are exposed to upon in vivo stimulation of steroidogenesis. The concentrations of LH were measured in rats in testicular interstitial extracellular fluid, seminiferous tubular fluid and blood plasma from testicular veins from one testis before and from the other testis of the same rats after an intravenous injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or saline, and compared with the concentrations in blood plasma from a peripheral vein. The concentrations of LH in interstitial fluid surrounding the Leydig cells before the injections were about 10% of the levels in blood plasma, and showed no significant rise at 15 min and a much smaller rise at later times in rats injected with GnRH than those seen in blood plasma from either of the two sources, which were similar. The concentrations of LH in tubular fluid were even lower and showed no change after GnRH. Testosterone concentrations in testicular cells, interstitial fluid and testicular venous blood plasma were significantly increased by 15 min after GnRH, when compared with saline-injected controls, with no change in the levels in tubular fluid. The rise in testosterone concentrations in testicular venous plasma after GnRH was smaller than those in the cells and interstitial fluid. In conclusion, the concentrations of LH reaching the testicular interstitial fluid were only about one-tenth of that measured in the circulation, presumably because the endothelial cells restrict access of the hormone to the interstitial fluid. This indicated that either the Leydig cells are extremely sensitive to LH stimulation or that testicular endothelial cells modulate the action of LH on the Leydig cells.

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