scholarly journals THE RELATION OF PROTEIN, LIPOIDS AND SALTS TO THE WASSERMANN REACTION

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salts ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Sodium Cholate ◽  
Secondary Syphilis ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Peptic Digestion ◽  
Rapid Destruction ◽  
Wassermann Reaction ◽  
Active Substances

1. The high value in respect to complement-binding exhibited by blood sera from syphilitics and spinal fluids from general paralytics is associated with an excessively high content of globulin, but there does not exist a direct quantitative relation between the two. Cases of secondary syphilis which have been under prolonged and proper medication do not exhibit the globulin increase and usually fail to give the Wassermann reaction. The active substances entering into the Wassermann reaction are precipitable with the globulin and chiefly with the euglobulin fraction of the fluids. 2. Temperatures of 70° to 76° C. destroy the active substances. Exposed to sunlight the active substances deteriorate slowly. A photodynamic substance such as eosin, under the direct influence of the sun, brings about their complete and rapid destruction. This effect does not occur in the dark. The active substances are subject to tryptic and peptic digestion and are destroyed by weak acids and alkalies. 3. The active substances in the blood sera and spinal fluids cannot be separated from them or from the globulin precipitate by alcohol. 4. There are contained in the alcoholic extracts of normal and syphilitic blood and organs certain acetone-soluble lipoids which possess high antigenic values for the Wasserman reaction. Cholesterin is inactive and the bile salts less active than the lipoidal bodies. 5. Sodium cholate is about as active as sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, but neurin and cholin are inactive.

scholarly journals Importance of Bile Composition for Diagnosis of Biliary Obstructions

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7279
Author(s):  
Łukasz Krupa ◽  
Robert Staroń ◽  
Dorota Dulko ◽  
Natalia Łozińska ◽  
Alan R. Mackie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biliary Obstruction ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Sodium Cholate ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Sodium Taurodeoxycholate ◽  
Malignant Changes ◽  
Bile Cholesterol

Determination of the cause of a biliary obstruction is often inconclusive from serum analysis alone without further clinical tests. To this end, serum markers as well as the composition of bile of 74 patients with biliary obstructions were determined to improve the diagnoses. The samples were collected from the patients during an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The concentration of eight bile salts, specifically sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glycochenodeoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, and sodium taurochenodeoxycholate as well as bile cholesterol were determined by HPLC-MS. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and bilirubin were measured before the ERCP. The aim was to determine a diagnostic factor and gain insights into the influence of serum bilirubin as well as bile salts on diseases. Ratios of conjugated/unconjugated, primary/secondary, and taurine/glycine conjugated bile salts were determined to facilitate the comparison to literature data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were determined, and the cut-off values were calculated by determining the point closest to (0,1). It was found that serum bilirubin was a good indicator of the type of biliary obstruction; it was able to differentiate between benign obstructions such as choledocholithiasis (at the concentration of >11 µmol/L) and malignant changes such as pancreatic neoplasms or cholangiocarcinoma (at the concentration of >59 µmol/L). In addition, it was shown that conjugated/unconjugated bile salts confirm the presence of an obstruction. With lower levels of conjugated/unconjugated bile salts the possibility for inflammation and, thus, neoplasms increase.

Comparison of In Vitro Binding of Various Bile Salts by Coconut Fibers

2014 ◽  
Vol 1060 ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornsak Sriamornsak ◽  
Sontaya Limmatvapirat ◽  
Panida Asavapichayont ◽  
Srisuda Konthong
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Sodium Deoxycholate ◽  
Sodium Cholate ◽  
Coconut Fiber

The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro binding of bile salts by coconut fiber, a by-product of coconut milk extraction. The raw coconut fiber was processed by different methods before binding test, that is, sieving, pulverizing in mortar, grinding by a dry grinder, digesting with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl), grinding by a dry grinder and then digesting with 0.1 N HCl. The resultant coconut fiber was sieved to obtain the particle size ranged from 250 to 600 μm. Various bile salts, i.e., sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate and sodium taurocholate, were individually tested and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that sodium deoxycholate was bound by sieved coconut fiber (9.64%), mortar-ground coconut fiber (12.91%), grinder-ground coconut fiber (28.31%), acid-digested coconut fiber (41.14%), and grinder-ground and acid-digested coconut fiber (37.54%). Similar results were obtained when sodium cholate and sodium taurocholate were tested but to a lesser extent. It can be concluded from these results that coconut fiber may have potential application as a cholesterol-reducing agent.

Effect of intestinal resection on bile salt absorption in dogs

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Playoust ◽  
Leon Lack ◽  
I. M. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Salt Absorption ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Fat Meal

The efficiency of intestinal absorption of bile salts was evaluated by studying the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the bile of dogs after the intravenous administration of sodium taurocholate-24-C14. Bile was sampled through an indwelling tube in the gall bladder. One day after a high-fat meal normal dogs retained 48% of the radioactivity; dogs with resection of the jejunum retained 48%, whereas those with resection of the ileum retained only 3% in the bile. This is consistent with previous observations that the ileum is the site of bile salt absorption in vitro and in anesthetized animals. Animals with resection of the ileum exhibited significant steatorrhea; however, three-fourths of the ingested fat was absorbed in spite of almost complete failure to absorb bile salts. This indicates that fat and bile salts are not normally absorbed together. Elimination of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts by resection of the ileum contributes to the observed steatorrhea.

Effect of glycodihydrofuisidate on sulfobromophthalein transport maximum in the hamster

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 1875-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Delage ◽  
M Dumont ◽  
S Erlinger
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Biliary Secretion ◽  
Biliary Lipid ◽  
Lipid Secretion ◽  
Dye Transport ◽  
Cholesterol Secretion

The effect on sulfobromophathalein transport maximum (Tm) and biliary lipid secretion of sodium glyco-24,25-dihydrofusicate, a micelle-forming compound secreted into bile, has been studied in the hamster and compared to that of a physiological bile salt, sodium taurocholate. Biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion increased both during glycodihydrofusidate and taurocholate administration, an observation which suggest that both compounds increased th biliary secretion of micelle-forming compounds. In contrast, only taurocholate increased sulfobromophthalein Tm into bile, while glycodihydrofusidate administration decreased it. This observation suggests that the increase in sulfobromophthalein Tm observed during taurocholate administration is not the result of micellar sequestration. It could rather be the consequence of a specific effect of bile salts on the dye transport system.

Biliary Inter-Relationship between Phospholipid, Bilirubin and Taurocholate in the Anaesthetized Rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. García-Marín ◽  
A. Esteller
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Mixed Micelle ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Micelle Formation ◽  
Mixed Micelle Formation ◽  
Anaesthetized Rat

1. The interference between biliary phospholipid and bilirubin secretion was investigated in rats with bile fistulae, under conditions of normal and maximal bilirubin secretion. The enterohepatic circulation of bile salts was interrupted and the animals received infusions of sodium taurocholate, a micelle-forming physiological bile salt. 2. Sodium taurocholate infusion (0.19 μmol min−1 100 g−1 body weight) induced an increase in bile flow and phospholipid secretion, while basal bilirubin secretion was not increased. 3. Bilirubin infusion (0.26 μmol min−1 100 g−1 body weight) induced a decrease in basal and taurocholate-stimulated phospholipid secretion. Biliary mixed micelle formation was presumably altered during bilirubin infusion, although bile taurocholate concentration, taurocholate secretion rate and bile flow were not modified. 4. When sodium taurocholate was infused during bilirubin-decreased phospholipid secretion, this secretion was restored but maximal biliary bilirubin secretion was not increased. 5. These results provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesis that mixed micelle formation is not an important determinant of maximal bilirubin transport into bile.

How does bile salt penetration affect the self-assembled architecture of pluronic P123 micelles? – light scattering and spectroscopic investigations

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (30) ◽  
pp. 19977-19990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Roy ◽  
Niloy Kundu ◽  
Debasis Banik ◽  
Jagannath Kuchlyan ◽  
Nilmoni Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Triblock Copolymer ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Sodium Deoxycholate ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigations ◽  
Pluronic P123 ◽  
Supramolecular Aggregate

The triblock copolymer of the type (PEO)20–(PPO)70–(PEO)20 (P123) forms a mixed supramolecular aggregate with different bile salts, sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and sodium taurocholate (NaTC), having different hydrophobicity.

scholarly journals Extended Abstract: Deficiency of Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (SLC10A1): A New Inborn Error of Metabolism with an Attenuated Phenotype

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric M. Vaz ◽  
Hidde H. Huidekoper ◽  
Coen C. Paulusma
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salts ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Mild Phenotype ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Conjugated Bile Salts

We present the first patient with a defect in the Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide SLC10A1 (NTCP), which plays a key role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. The clinical presentation of the child was mild and the child showed no signs of liver dysfunction or pruritus despite extremely elevated plasma bile salt levels (>100-fold upper-limit of normal). A homozygous point mutation was found in the SLC10A1 gene (resulting in amino acid change R252H) and functional studies confirmed the pathogenicity of the mutation. This confirms the role of NTCP as the major transporter of conjugated bile salts into the liver as part of the enterohepatic circulation and shows that other transporters partly can take over its function, resulting in a relatively mild phenotype. This work was published previously in [Vaz et al.: Hepatology 2015;61:260-267] and supplemented with some follow-up information of the patient.

scholarly journals DECREASE OF PERMEABILITY AND ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS CAUSED BY BILE SALTS

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. V. Osterhout
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salts ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Pure Substances

Sodium taurocholate is able to produce a decrease in permeability and to antagonize NaCl. This confirms the hypothesis that antagonistic relations can be predicted from studies on the permeability of pure substances.

PHOSPHATASE OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

1949 ◽  
Vol 27e (5) ◽  
pp. 290-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Cram ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Alkyl Sulphate ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Activity Curve ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Active Substances

Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain an active phosphatase that readily hydrolyzes disodium phenyl phosphate. The pH activity curve of the enzyme was found to have two maxima, one in the region of pH 10 and the other in the region of pH 5. The alkaline phosphatase was much more active than the acid phosphatase. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase in rabbit white cells was approximately one thousand times that of the enzyme in the serum. Under the conditions of study, the alkaline phosphatase activity was proportional to the concentration of the enzyme. The effect of substrate concentration on the enzyme activity was studied and the Michaelis constant (Ks) determined. An excess of substrate inhibited the enzyme. The course of the reaction was linear with time for the first 60 min.; after 90 min. the activity fell off faster than would be expected if the reaction were of the first order.Magnesium and glycine, in low concentrations, caused an increase in the enzyme activity, whereas zinc, cyanide, borate, phosphate, bile salts, and glycine, in higher concentrations, were inhibitory. Fluoride had no demonstrable effect. Surface-active substances, such as saponin, bile salts, or alkyl sulphate, liberated the enzyme from the cells. Similar results were obtained when α-glycerophosphate or β-glycerophosphate was used as the substrate.The alkaline phosphatase can be considered to belong to Class AI of Folley and Kay (22) and the acid phosphatase to Class AII. The alkaline phosphatase can also be considered to be a Phosphatase II of Cloetens (9).

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