Studies on the effects of cephradine and colibacellosis on immunological status of broiler chicken vaccinated with newcastle virus vaccine

The present study was carried out using 100, one-day old broiler chicks to evaluate the immunological status of broiler chicks vaccinated with Newcastle virus vaccine and infected with E coli and treated by cephradinee.At day 15th of age, broilers chicks were divided into 4 equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group, healthy non infected non treated broilers (control group). 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups expermintally infected with E. coli was done at 15th day of age. 2nd group infected, non treated broilers, 3rd group infected broilers and vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine, 4th group infected broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine and received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradinee in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination cellular and humeral immune response. Infected broilers with E coli only or infected broilers and vaccinated display significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing percentage, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and gamma globulin. Beside significant decrease in lymphocyte, serum total protein, albumin, total globulin, A/G ratio and HI titer coupled with insignificant decrease in esinophils, basophils and monocyte, beta globulin associated with insignificant increase in alpha globulin allover experimental period post vaccination when compared with control broilers. Vaccinated-Infected broilers that received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradine daily for five consecutive days revealed significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing % and gamma globulin at 1st day post treatment coupled with insignificant increase at 10th and 20th day post treatment. In-addition to significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, total globulin A/G ratio and HI associated with non significant decrease in esinophils, basophils, monocyte,beta globulin and non significant increase in nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and alpha globulin allover the experiment when compared with control broilers. It could be concluded that, colibacillosis in broiler chickens and cephradine induced some adverse effects on immunological status of broiler chickens. Therefore, it’s important not vaccinated broiler during colibacelosis or using cephradine in treatment.

DIFFERENT COW BREEDS MILKABILITY DEPENDING ON KAPPA-CASEIN AND BETA-GLOBULIN GENOTYPES

Results of the Ayrshire breed cows, Holstein cows and Holstein-Yaroslavl cross breed cows milk productiv-ity analysis in the same environment conditions and depending on the kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin genotypes are presented in this article. The animals are kept in the common environmental conditions of the LLC Farming firm “Pakhma», the Ayrshire breeding plant. Feeding of cows here is carried out according to detailed norms, concentrated feed averages 43%. The maintenance system is year-round stalling, milking is carried out in the milk line, the DeLaval milking machine is used, and labor-intensive processes in animal husbandry are mechanized. The farm has a milk processing shop. It was established that all the inspected cows (n=91) had a prevailing AA kappa-casein genotype – 75,8% on average. BB Ayrshire breed and Hol-stein-Yaroslavl cross breed genotypes were not established. AB and BB beta-lactoglobulin genotypes are seen on average with a frequency of 44%. AA beta-lactoglobulin genotype in Holstein cows breed was not found. The indicators of statistically reliable difference in milkability among all groups and genotypes was not estab-lished. A higher consistence of protein in the milk of B-allele kappa-casein type cows is evident in all groups with no difference between breed belonging. The complex variant of CSN3/LGB genotypes showed that ac-cording to ultimate milk fat and protein yield the most productive cows were:АВ/ВВ, АВ/АВ genotype Ayr-shire cows, АВ/АВ Holstein genotype cows, AB/BB genotype Holstein-Yaroslavl cross breed cows. Hence, the most efficient cows are those with B-allele variants.

Amiodarone Hepatotoxicity with Absent Phospholipidosis and Steatosis: A Case Report and Review of Amiodarone Toxicity in Various Organs

We present the first description of amiodarone toxicity in the liver without phospholipidosis or steatosis. In doing so, we will review the various effects of amiodarone toxicity in various organs. The patient is a young adult who had cardiac reconstruction as a child for transposition of the great vessels. A needle biopsy was taken due to elevated liver enzymes. Her ALT was 188 U/L (5–50) and AST 162 U/L (5–50). Alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, protein, and albumin were within normal limits. A serologic panel for viral hepatitis was negative. Antinuclear antibodies were positive at 260; however, anti-smooth muscle antibody and anti-mitochondrial antibody were negative. A protein electrophoresis showed a slightly elevated beta globulin 2 level of 0.5. Quantitative immunoglobulin levels were within normal limits except for a slightly elevated IgA 409 mg/dL (60–350). Liver ultrasound was unremarkable. The clinical differential was broad and included hepatic congestion along with autoimmune hepatitis. Sections showed only ballooned hepatocytes with Mallory-Denk bodies and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Arrival to the diagnosis was possible only after careful review of the patient’s medications. After discontinuation of amiodarone, the patient’s liver enzymes returned to normal levels.

Serum proteins and fractions, HDL-cholesterol and total IgG and IgE levels in cases of acute and chronic paracoccidioidomycosis

This study evaluated serum protein fractions, HDL-cholesterol, total immunoglobulin G and total immunoglobulin E levels in patients with acute and chronic paracoccidioidomycosis, by means of electrophoresis, enzymatic reaction and immunoenzymatic assay. The results demonstrated elevated levels of total immunoglobulin G, total immunoglobulin E, alpha-2 and gamma-globulins, which were more evident in acute than in chronic PCM, but no increase in HDL-cholesterol levels. There was a correlation between the levels of total immunoglobulin E and gamma-globulins and the alpha-2 and beta-globulin fractions in the acute form and between beta and gamma-globulins in both the acute and the chronic form. In conclusion, changes in total immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin E levels and in the electrophoretic profile may be important markers for the prognosis and therapeutic follow-up of PCM cases, especially because protein electrophoresis is a simple laboratory test that can be applied when specific PCM serological tests are not available. In addition, levels of the gamma-globulin fraction greater than 2.0g/dl may suggest that the patient is developing a more severe form of PCM.

Chromium as an essential nutrient: a review

Chromium (Cr) has been studied since the end of the 19^th century, when carcinogenic effects of hexavalent Cr were discovered. Essentiality of trivalent Cr was demonstrated in 1959; Cr³⁺ has been studied in humans and laboratory animals since the 1970s and it is only since the 1990s that Cr has been studied as an essential element in livestock animals with the same intensity. Trivalent chromium is essential to normal carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Chromium is biologically active as part of an oligopeptide − chromodulin − potentiating the effect of insulin by facilitating insulin binding to receptors at the cell surface. With chromium acting as a cofactor of insulin, Cr activity in the organism is parallel to insulin functions. Cr absorption is low, ranging between 0.4 and 2.0% for inorganic compounds while the availability of organic Cr is more than 10 times higher. Absorbed Cr circulates in blood bound to the β-globulin plasma fraction and is transported to tissues bound to transferrin. Absorbed Cr is excreted primarily in urine, by glomerular filtration; a small amount is excreted through perspiration, bile and in milk. The demand for Cr has been growing as a result of factors commonly referred to as stressors, especially during different forms of nutritional, metabolic and physical strain. This review describes Cr metabolism, the different biological functions of Cr and symptoms of Cr deficiency.

Assessment of Immunoglobulins In The Serum Of Children With Shigellosis

During a period of nine months from January 2006 to September 2006. Sixty –two cases of shigellosis were collected at Nassiria Pediatric hospital ( Age ranged from one day to five years). A total of 317 cases suffering form bloody diarrhea , out of 317 stool samples , 62 bacterial isolates were obtained represent 19.5% from all cases of diarrhea ,The isolates identified were, Shigella dysenteriae , Shigella sonnei , Shigella boydii , and Shigella flexneri .The percentage of each are , 22(35.4%) , 19(30.6%) , 13(20.9%) , 8(12.9%) respectively . Shigellosis was predominant in those below one year of age (32.2%) .The concentration of total protein level in the serum of children with shigellosis was normal in all age groups , while albumin was low , alpha 1 – globulin concentration was high , alpha 2 –globulin increased slightly with advancing age , beta – globulin concentration in serum of children was normal , gamma globulin concentration was slightly elevated in most age groups . Forty – seven children (75.8%) are found to have high level of lmmunoglobulins concentration while fifteen children ( 24.2%) have low levels of lmmunoglobulin concentration .They are classified as follows : 11.2% have IgA deficiency , 5.1% have IgM deficiency and 4.8% have IgG deficiency.These results revealed that Ig deficiency is associated with shigellosis .

Preparing Citrated Non-Activated Gamma Globulin for Rapid Infusion.

Human plasma is our most valuable source of therapeutic proteins, and intravenous gamma globulin (IVIg) is the most widely used plasma derivative. Traditional yields of the product from alcohol fractionation are not optimal; added to this, viral contamination and other well known side effects, including fever and aseptic meningitis, continue to be of concern. A method of precipitating very high yields of cryoprecipitable proteins with sodium citrate (“Supercryoprecipitation”) has been previously described. A by-product of “Supercryoprecipitation” is a very clean cryoprecipitate-free plasma supernatant, with a citrate concentration of 5% to 6% (w/v). When up to 10% (w/v) additional citrate is introduced into the supernatant, there is a preferential precipitation of nearly 100% of the remaining gamma globulin. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) yield was measured by radial immunodiffusion (86.3% ± 12.5%). IgG, being the largest fraction of gamma globulin, is most often used as a measure of product quality. Protein electrophoresis of the citrate precipitation product showed very little contamination by other plasma fractions (albumin: 9.8% ± 3.3%, alpha globulin: 1.6% ± 0.6%, beta globulin: 3.9% ± 1.2%, gamma globulin 84.3% ± 13.8%). Unlike present protein precipitation methods, citrate precipitation does not rely on denaturation, thereby better preserving the native structure of immunoglobulin. This may lead to improved tolerance during infusion, and may allow for more rapid infusion rates, or improved subcutaneous infusion. Stability and safety studies are currently underway. Considering the current unsettled climate in the world, the potential for improved gamma globulin therapies and supply should not be overlooked.