scholarly journals Self-reactive VH4-34–expressing IgG B cells recognize commensal bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 214 (7) ◽  
pp. 1991-2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Nicolas Schickel ◽  
Salomé Glauzy ◽  
Yen-Shing Ng ◽  
Nicolas Chamberlain ◽  
Christopher Massad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Healthy Donor ◽  
Somatic Hypermutation ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
Variable Heavy

The germline immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy chain 4–34 (VH4-34) gene segment encodes in humans intrinsically self-reactive antibodies that recognize I/i carbohydrates expressed by erythrocytes with a specific motif in their framework region 1 (FWR1). VH4-34–expressing clones are common in the naive B cell repertoire but are rarely found in IgG memory B cells from healthy individuals. In contrast, CD27+IgG+ B cells from patients genetically deficient for IRAK4 or MYD88, which mediate the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) except TLR3, contained VH4-34–expressing clones and showed decreased somatic hypermutation frequencies. In addition, VH4-34–encoded IgGs from IRAK4- and MYD88-deficient patients often displayed an unmutated FWR1 motif, revealing that these antibodies still recognize I/i antigens, whereas their healthy donor counterparts harbored FWR1 mutations abolishing self-reactivity. However, this paradoxical self-reactivity correlated with these VH4-34–encoded IgG clones binding commensal bacteria antigens. Hence, B cells expressing germline-encoded self-reactive VH4-34 antibodies may represent an innate-like B cell population specialized in the containment of commensal bacteria when gut barriers are breached.

scholarly journals High-frequency representation of a single VH gene in the expressed human B cell repertoire.

1993 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K Stewart ◽  
C Huang ◽  
B D Stollar ◽  
R S Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
V Genes ◽  
Vh Gene ◽  
Vh Genes

Idiotype (Id) 16/6 marks a variable (V) region structure that occurs frequently in the human immunoglobulin repertoire. The basis of the Id has been traced to a germline heavy chain gene segment, VH18/2 (VH26). To pursue the molecular basis for the frequency of Id 16/6, we have analyzed polymerase chain reaction-generated C mu, C gamma, and VH3 family V gene libraries derived from the circulating and tonsillar B cells of four normal individuals and from the B cells of two patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The frequency of VH18/2 in these libraries was compared with three control VH genes, VH56P1, VH21/28, and VHA57. Plaque lifts from C mu and C gamma VH cDNA libraries were screened with gene-specific oligonucleotide probes. The frequency of VH18/2 ranged from 4 to 10% of JH+ plaques (two of five times that of control VH genes). In four VH3 family-specific libraries derived from rearranged DNA, VH18/2 represented 19-33% of VH3+ plaques. Hybridizing VH18/2 plaques were 98-100% homologous to the germline VH gene; mutations when present were often in framework 3. Extensive variation was seen in the complementarity determining region 3 sequences of these rearranged V genes. The high frequency of VH18/2 expression in the B cell repertoire was confirmed by sequencing randomly picked JH+ plaques. In two patients with active SLE the frequency of use of VH18/2 was not greater than that observed in normal subjects. These results show that VH18/2 is overrepresented in the B cell repertoire of normal subjects and suggest that the immune repertoire may be dominated by relatively few V genes.

scholarly journals Efficient Peripheral Clonal Elimination of B Lymphocytes in MRL/lpr Mice Bearing Autoantibody Transgenes

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Kench ◽  
David M. Russell ◽  
David Nemazee
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Cell Tolerance ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
B Cell Tolerance ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
Nuclear Antigens ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Peripheral B cell tolerance was studied in mice of the autoimmune-prone, Fas-deficient MRL/ lpr.H-2d genetic background by introducing a transgene that directs expression of membrane-bound H-2Kb antigen to liver and kidney (MT-Kb) and a second transgene encoding antibody reactive with this antigen (3-83μδ, anti-Kk,b). Control immunoglobulin transgenic (Ig-Tg) MRL/lpr.H-2d mice lacking the Kb antigen had large numbers of splenic and lymph node B cells bearing the transgene-encoded specificity, whereas B cells of the double transgenic (Dbl-Tg) MRL/lpr.H-2d mice were deleted as efficiently as in Dbl-Tg mice of a nonautoimmune B10.D2 genetic background. In spite of the severely restricted peripheral B cell repertoire of the Ig-Tg MRL/lpr.H-2d mice, and notwithstanding deletion of the autospecific B cell population in the Dbl-Tg MRL/lpr.H-2d mice, both types of mice developed lymphoproliferation and exhibited elevated levels of IgG anti-chromatin autoantibodies. Interestingly, Dbl-Tg MRL/lpr.H-2d mice had a shorter lifespan than Ig-Tg MRL/lpr.H-2d mice, apparently as an indirect result of their relative B cell lymphopenia. These data suggest that in MRL/lpr mice peripheral B cell tolerance is not globally defective, but that certain B cells with receptors specific for nuclear antigens are regulated differently than are cells reactive to membrane autoantigens.

scholarly journals Clonal analysis of a human antibody response. Quantitation of precursors of antibody-producing cells and generation and characterization of monoclonal IgM, IgG, and IgA to rabies virus.

1990 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Ueki ◽  
I S Goldfarb ◽  
N Harindranath ◽  
M Gore ◽  
H Koprowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Clonal Level ◽  
Vh Gene

We quantitated and characterized the changes in the human B cell repertoire, at the clonal level, before and after immunization with rabies virus. Moreover, we generated 10 monoclonal cell lines producing IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies to the virus. We found that in healthy subjects, not previously exposed to the virus, nearly 2% of the circulating B lymphocytes were committed to the production of antibodies that bound the virus. These B cells expressed the surface CD5 molecule. The antibodies they produced were polyreactive IgM that displayed a relatively low affinity for the virus components (Kd, 1.0-2.4 x 10(-6) g/microliters). After immunization, different anti-virus (IgG and IgA) antibody-producing cells consistently appeared in the circulation and increased from less than 0.005% to greater than 10% of the total B cells committed to the production of IgG and IgA, respectively. Most of such B cells do not express CD5 and produce monoreactive antibodies of high affinity for rabies virus (Kd, 6.5 x 10(-9) to 1.2 x 10(-10) g/microliters). One of these IgG mAbs efficiently neutralized rabies virus in vitro and in vivo, as detailed elsewhere (Dietzschold, B., P. Casali, Y. Ueki, M. Gore, C. E. Rupprecht, A. L. Notkins, and H. Koprowski, manuscript submitted for publication). Hybridization experiments using probes specific for the different human V gene segment families revealed that cell precursors producing low affinity IgM binding to rabies virus utilized a restricted number of VH gene segments (i.e., only members of the VHIIIb subfamily), whereas cell precursors producing high affinity IgG and IgA to rabies virus utilized an assortment of different VH gene segments (i.e., members of the VHI, VHIII, VHIV, and VHVI families and VHIIIb subfamily). In conclusion, our studies show that EBV transformation in conjunction with limiting dilution technology and somatic cell hybridization techniques are useful methods for quantitating, at the B cell clonal level, the human antibody response to foreign Ags and for generating human mAbs of predetermined specificity and high affinity.

scholarly journals Shared HIV envelope-specific B cell clonotypes induced by a pox-protein vaccine regimen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen W. Cohen ◽  
Lamar Ballweber-Fleming ◽  
Michael Duff ◽  
Rachael E. Whaley ◽  
Aaron Seese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Protein Vaccine ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
Specific Igg

An effective HIV-1 vaccine will likely induce potent, broad neutralizing antibodies. No candidate vaccines have elicited these responses presumably because they fail to activate human B cell precursors that can affinity mature to generate broad neutralizing antibodies. To identify the B cell clonotypes that are elicited, we conducted in-depth analyses of the envelope-specific B cell repertoire in recipients of ALVAC-HIV vector (vCP2438) and bivalent subtype C gp120 protein (HVTN100). We observed high frequencies of envelope-specific IgG+ memory B cells with restricted immunogenetic diversity, relative to non-vaccine induced memory B cells, with preferential expansions of distinct variable genes but limited accumulation of mutations. Many envelope-specific clonotypes were shared across vaccinees, but did not overlap with the envelope-negative memory repertoire, within and across subjects. Single-cell sequencing of envelope-specific IgG+ memory B cells often revealed VH1-2*02 and VK3-20 sequence co-expression and in one case, contained a 5 amino acid CDRL3, the canonical signature of VRC01-class antibodies, confirming that these B cells are extremely rare but detectable. Our study provides evidence that immunogens play a critical role in selecting and restricting the responding B cell repertoire and supports the rational design of HIV vaccines targeting specific B cell lineages for induction of broadly-reactive neutralizing antibodies.

scholarly journals Different B cell subpopulations show distinct patterns in their IgH repertoire metrics

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Ghraichy ◽  
Valentin von Niederhäusern ◽  
Aleksandr Kovaltsuk ◽  
Jacob D Galson ◽  
Charlotte M Deane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Somatic Hypermutation ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
Cell Subpopulations ◽  
The Individual

Several human B-cell subpopulations are recognized in the peripheral blood, which play distinct roles in the humoral immune response. These cells undergo developmental and maturational changes involving VDJ recombination, somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination, altogether shaping their immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) repertoire. Here, we sequenced the IgH repertoire of naïve, marginal zone, switched and plasma cells from 10 healthy adults along with matched unsorted and in silico separated CD19+ bulk B cells. Using advanced bioinformatic analysis and machine learning, we show that sorted B cell subpopulations are characterised by distinct repertoire characteristics on both the individual sequence and the repertoire level. Sorted subpopulations shared similar repertoire characteristics with their corresponding in silico separated subsets. Furthermore, certain IgH repertoire characteristics correlated with the position of the constant region on the IgH locus. Overall, this study provides unprecedented insight over mechanisms of B cell repertoire control in peripherally circulating B cell subpopulations.

scholarly journals A multi-objective based clustering for identifying clonally-related sequences from high-throughput B cell repertoire data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nika Abdollahi ◽  
Anne Langlois De Septenville ◽  
Hugues Ripoche ◽  
Frederic Davi ◽  
Juliana Silva Bernardes
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Somatic Hypermutation ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
Attractive Option

The adaptive B cell response is driven by the expansion, somatic hypermutation, and selection of B cell clones. A high number of clones in a B cell population indicates a highly diverse repertoire, while clonal size distribution and sequence diversity within clones can be related to antigen's selective pressure. Identifying clones is fundamental to many repertoire studies, including repertoire comparisons, clonal tracking and statistical analysis. Several methods have been developed to group sequences from high-throughput B cell repertoire data. Current methods use clustering algorithms to group clonally-related sequences based on their similarities or distances. Such approaches create groups by optimizing a single objective that typically minimizes intra-clonal distances. However, optimizing several objective functions can be advantageous and boost the algorithm convergence rate. Here we propose a new method based on multi-objective clustering. Our approach requires V(D)J annotations to obtain the initial clones and iteratively applies two objective functions that optimize cohesion and separation within clones simultaneously. We show that under simulations with varied mutation rates, our method greatly improves clonal grouping as compared to other tools. When applied to experimental repertoires generated from high-throughput sequencing, its clustering results are comparable to the most performing tools. The method based on multi-objective clustering can accurately identify clone members, has fewer parameter settings and presents the lowest running time among existing tools. All these features constitute an attractive option for repertoire analysis, particularly in the clinical context to unravel the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of B cell malignancies.

scholarly journals Opposite Effects of Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitor Therapy with Ibrutinib and FCR Chemo-Immunotherapy on the Normal B Lymphocyte Repertoire in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 4402-4402
Author(s):  
Simon Schliffke ◽  
Mariela Sivina ◽  
Ekaterina Kim ◽  
Benjamin Thiele ◽  
Nuray Akyüz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
B Cell Repertoire ◽  
Btk Inhibitor ◽  
V Gene ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels

Abstract Disease-inherent and treatment-related immune dysfunction remain leading causes for morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The advent of kinase inhibitors that target B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, which lack myelo- and T lymphocyte toxicity, raised hopes that these new agents may be less immunosuppressive and allow for better immune reconstitution when compared to chemo-immunotherapy (CIT). The effects of the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib or CIT with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) on the normal B cell repertoire have not been well characterized. Here, we used state-of-the-art immunosequencing technology to investigate how ibrutinib treatment affects the regeneration of non-malignant B-cells when compared to patients treated with FCR. Clinical data on infection rates and immunoglobulin levels was analyzed from 40 CLL patients treated with ibrutinib (median number of two pre-treatments) or frontline CIT with FCR at MD Anderson Cancer Center. In a representative subset of 20 patients, flow cytometry and next generation sequencing (NGS) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene locus was used to monitor non-malignant B-cell immune reconstitution for 24 months after start of treatment with ibrutinib or FCR. Comparison of ibrutinib treatment with CIT revealed that immunoglobulin levels remained stable and relatively low in both cohorts, except for an increase in IgA during ibrutinib treatment, as previously reported. NGS results showed that ibrutinib treatment significantly decreased the non-malignant B-cells count after 24 months of treatment, while the counts were quantitatively stable in the FCR cohort. Next, we determined the dynamics of non-malignant B-cell immune repertoire composition over treatment. Based on the mutational status of the V gene, non-malignant B-cells were classified as IGH hypermutated (<98% identity to the corresponding germline V gene, corresponding to antigen-experienced B-cells) or IGH unmutated (≥98% identity to the corresponding germline V gene, corresponding to antigen-naïve B-cells). Before treatment initiation, the mean percentage of antigen-experienced B-cells did not significantly differ between the groups (ibrutinib 39%, FCR 48%). After 24 months, a significant decrease of antigen-experienced B-cells was observed in the FCR cohort, while the ratio of antigen-experienced and antigen-naïve B-cells remained unchanged in ibrutinib treated patients (ibrutinib 39%, FCR 22%, p=0.01). Analysis of the IGH clonotype repertoire using the Shannon-Wiener and the inverse Simpson diversity indices confirmed these results, showing that the non-malignant IGH repertoire was composed of balanced numbers of antigen-experienced and antigen-naïve medium sized clones before treatment initiation in both cohorts. In line with the IGH repertoire shift towards antigen-naïve B-cells in FCR treated patients, the medium-sized clones disappeared after treatment, with large numbers of small-sized unmutated clones dominating after 24 months (p<0.0001). In ibrutinib treated patients, the repertoire diversity remained stable throughout the course of treatment. Taken together, our data indicate that continuous treatment with ibrutinib preserves preexisting (partially antigen-experienced) B-cells but impairs de-novo generation of naive B-cells. In contrast, FCR leads to a deletion of memory B-cells but also a subsequent substantial renewal of the B-cell repertoire. Both patterns may differentially affect immune-competence towards infections. Disclosures Bokemeyer: Karyopharm: Research Funding. Jain:Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Infinity: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novimmune: Consultancy, Honoraria; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding. Wierda:Gilead: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Acerta: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding. Burger:Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.

Bim establishes the B-cell repertoire from early to late in the immune response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Sugimoto-Ishige ◽  
Michishige Harada ◽  
Miho Tanaka ◽  
Tommy Terooatea ◽  
Yu Adachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Affinity Maturation ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
B Cell Repertoire

Abstract In T cell-dependent antibody responses, some of the activated B cells differentiate along extrafollicular pathways into low-affinity memory and plasma cells, whereas others are involved in subsequent germinal center (GC) formation in follicular pathways, in which somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation occur. The present study demonstrated that Bim, a proapoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family, contributes to the establishment of the B-cell repertoire from early to late stages of immune responses to T cell-dependent antigens. Extrafollicular plasma cells grew in the spleen during the early immune response, but their numbers rapidly declined with the appearance of GC-derived progeny in wild-type mice. By contrast, conditional Bim deficiency in B cells resulted in expansion of extrafollicular IgG1+ antibody-forming cells (AFCs) and this expansion was sustained during the late response, which hampered the formation of GC-derived high-affinity plasma cells in the spleen. Approximately 10% of AFCs in mutant mice contained mutated VH genes; thus, Bim deficiency appears not to impede the selection of high-affinity AFC precursor cells. These results suggest that Bim contributes to the replacement of low-affinity antibody by high-affinity antibody as the immune response progresses.

The Pattern of BCL6 Intron 1 Mutations in Healthy Individuals with BCL2;IgH Is Similar to That Seen in Lymphomas

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3800-3800
Author(s):  
Lisa J Worrillow ◽  
Rob Newton ◽  
Andrew S Jack
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Somatic Hypermutation ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Germinal Centre ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Intron 1

Abstract Mutational clustering in intron 1 of BCL6, and BCL2;IgH translocation are commonly found in peripheral lymphocytes from healthy individuals. These abnormalities, most likely the consequence of mistargeted rearrangement and somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin locus, are also associated with lymphoma. However, the relevance of these findings to disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Given that deregulated BCL2 expression is likely to promote cell survival, we hypothesized that the frequency of BCL6 intron 1 mutations would increase in germinal centre B-cells carrying BCL2;IgH. We also investigated whether the frequency of both abnormalities was altered by chronic immune stimulation using rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a model. Initially, BCL2;IgH positive cases were identified in healthy controls (n=256) and RA cases (n=132) by real-time quantitative PCR. Frequency (16%) and quantity (2 copies/104 B-cells) of BCL2;IgH was equal in pre-rituximab RA cases and controls, with no significant differences associated with age or gender. As expected, few post-treatment cases carried detectable BCL2;IgH. We then analyzed BCL6 intron 1 somatic mutations in matched RA cases and controls with (n=10) or without (n=10) detectable BCL2;IgH using a cloning and sequencing strategy (10 colonies sequenced/case or control). Although mutation frequency was similar irrespective of RA or translocation status, the percentage of colonies carrying at least one mutation was slightly higher (but not significantly) in those with detectable BCL2;IgH (76%) than in those without (67%). This indicates that BCL2 translocation plays a minimal role in the ability of germinal centre B-cells to tolerate mutations accumulating in BCL6, and possibly other proto-oncogenes mistargeted by somatic hypermutation. As base changes are preferentially introduced at motifs recognised by activation-induced deaminase (RGYW/WRCY) and polymerase η (A/T) during somatic hypermutation, we determined the number of mutational events within these regions and found no significant differences between any of the groups investigated. This infers that the rate of somatic hypermutation remains consistent irrespective of chronic immune stimulation or BCL2 translocation. Given that the pattern of mutations in BCL6 intron 1 has been reported to vary between sub-types of B-cell lymphoma, we searched for mutational clusters within the cloned BCL6 sequence and found obvious differences between groups with detectable BCL2;IgH compared to those without. In particular, a mutational hotspot was evident at 500 to 520 bases, a region of BCL6 intron 1 also targeted in B-cell lymphoma. It is possible that this hotspot lies within a site which may modify BCL6 expression within the germinal centre altering susceptibility to additional aberrant genetic events such as BCL2 translocation. However, as BCL2;IgH and BCL6 mutations are likely to co-exist within a healthy population these changes may represent a normal B-cell population with a slight tendency to become increasingly unstable. Overall, we have shown that mutations in BCL6 and BCL2;IgH rearrangements are common in a healthy population and do not appear to be affected by chronic immune stimulation. However, this study has identified a group of patients with BCL2;IgH rearrangements who have a pattern of BCL6 mutations similar to that observed in lymphoma. Further studies are required to determine whether these patients are potentially at risk of developing a lymphoid malignancy.

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