scholarly journals ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF SULFANILAMIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCUS EMPYEMA

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Gay ◽  
Ada R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Visceral Pleura ◽  
Cell Reaction ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Natural Defense ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Pleural Exudate

Sulfanilamide prevents the evolution of an invariably fatal streptococcus empyema in rabbits when it is given repeatedly and in sufficient doses subcutaneously. Complete sterilization of the inoculated cavity occurs on approximately the 2nd day. The serum, defibrinated blood and artificial pleural exudate of similarly treated animals inhibits the growth of the same streptococcus in the test tube but even repeated doses of such treated blood serum fail to sterilize the culture. The coccal chains grown in such drugged serum are elongated and present pleomorphic and metachromatic organisms and may give rise to colonies that are at first less predominantly mucoid in appearance. Such organisms have, however, lost little if any of their virulence. Cooperation on the part of locally derived clasmatocytes is apparently required in complete sterilization of the animal body. This conclusion is reached not only by a process of exclusion from comparison with the test tube results, but through the direct histological demonstration of a precocious and increasing mobilization of clasmatocytes in the parietal and visceral pleura of treated animals. In other words, sulfanilamide apparently produces a bacteriostasis sufficiently marked to protect the accumulated leucocytes and to allow the natural defense macrophages to accumulate. There is direct evidence that the drug does not in itself stimulate the mobilization of the macrophages. There is no evidence that the cell reaction which finally accounts for disposal of the organisms is other than local.

New reaction for recognition of pregnancy and gender of the intrauterine fetus

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
V. Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Made In

Sellheim (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1925, no. 32) the trace describes this reaction, which he calls the Lttge-Mertz-Berger reaction: 1 cubic meter is poured into a test tube. sant. the blood serum of a woman in whom pregnancy is suspected, or the sex of the fetus of which they want to find out, then add here a certain amount (the amount of this S. does not indicate) extracts from the placenta or testicles, mixed with a solution of sodium chloride (in what proportion - S. also does not indicates, but only says that this extract can be obtained ready-made, in ampoules, from the Wolff company in Bielefeld).

scholarly journals III. The proteids of serum

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 102-107
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Sand Bath

The investigation of which this paper gives a brief summary relates to serum-albumin rather than to serum-globulin, and the experiments may be arranged in two categories: first, those relating to heat-coagulation; and secondly, those relating to the action of certain salts upon the proteids of blood-serum. The apparatus used for the determination of the temperature of the heat-coagulation of proteids was not that which has been usually employed for the purpose, and which consists of two beakers contain­ing water, one within the other, and heated gradually over a sand-bath; the substance under investigation being placed in a test-tube contained within the inner beaker. The chief objection to that method is that the rise of temperature in the water in the beakers takes place with extreme slowness, so that changes are apt to occur in the proteid during the experiment. To meet this difficulty an apparatus was devised by Professor Schäfer, which was found to be I extremely easy to use, and of which the great advantage consists in f the readiness with which a constant temperature is maintained for a s considerable time. It may be briefly described thus: the liquid of which one wishes to determine the temperature of coagulation is placed in a test-tube in sufficient quantity to cover the bulb of a thermometer put into it; the test-tube is placed in the neck of a flask containing water; this water is kept at the desired temperature by the following means. It is in the first place kept constantly running, entering by one tube and leaving the flask by another tube inserted as a T-piece in the upper part of the neck. The water is warmed by passing it through a coil of tubing contained in a vessel in which water is kept constantly boiling. By regulating the rate at which the water flows through this apparatus the desired temperature is maintained.

scholarly journals CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LOCALIZED INFECTIONS

1911 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard V. Lamar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Sodium Oleate ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Lytic Action ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Serum Inhibition ◽  
Hemolytic Action

In the test tube, sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate kill and dissolve virulent pneumococci more rapidly and in higher dilutions than sodium oleate; otherwise their action is the same. The intensity of action on the cocci is directly proportional to the degree of unsaturation of the acid. Blood serum inhibits the bacteriolytic and hemolytic action of unsaturated soaps partially or completely, according to definitive quantitative relations between serum and soap. Small quantities of serum completely inhibit the action of dilute soap solutions, but even whole serum does not prevent bacteriolysis and hemolysis by relatively concentrated soap solutions, i. e. 1 per cent. and 0.5 per cent. A given quantity of serum inhibits the action of the soaps in inverse ratio to their degree of unsaturation. The hemolytic and bacteriolytic action of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids is probably due in part to their avidity for protein and not wholly to their ability to dissolve lipoids. Attempts to prevent serum inhibition of the lytic action of sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate were unsuccessful. The more unsaturated soaps are not as efficient in preventing fatal pneumococcic infection of animals as sodium oleate.

scholarly journals The antiseptic action of substances of the Chloramine group

1916 ◽  
Vol 89 (614) ◽  
pp. 232-251 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Cent Concentration ◽  
Infected Wounds

In the course of experiments relating to the employment of antiseptics in the treatment of infected wounds, one of the present writers introduced a modification of the ordinary sodium hypochlorite solution which was found capable of giving useful results when properly employed. The advantages of this sodium hypochlorite preparation for the treatment of infected wounds compared with some commonly used antiseptics may be referred to the following properties—though powerfully germicidal it does not coagulate blood serum or other protein substances, while at the same time it dissolves necrotic tissue; it is freely soluble and can penetrate to a certain extent, and when properly prepared it is practically non-irritating at 0·5 per cent, concentration. Out of a very large number of antiseptics that were systematically examined, the hypochlorites seemed to be among the most generally useful. It was, therefore, of interest to study the mode of action of hypochlorites and to endeavour to find related substances which might prove to be of greater practical value.

scholarly journals Cardiac enzymes activity and lactate concentration in the blood of sport horses at myocardial dystrophy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (83) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
L. Slivinskа ◽  
I. Maksymovych ◽  
H. Tkachenko ◽  
A. Andriichuk ◽  
M. Leno
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Heart Muscle Cells ◽  
Myocardial Dystrophy

The article presents the results of research on the activity of cardiac specific enzymes and the concentration of lactate in the blood of sport horses for myocardial dystrophy of physical activity. Materials for researches were horses, used in the classical forms of equestrian sport of Ukrainian riding (n = 20), Hanoverian (n = 15) and Westphalian (n = 15) breeds. The average age of horses was 8.4 ± 0.71 years (3.5–16.0 g.), weight – 479.4 ± 8.54 kg (350–605 kg). Studies were conducted immediately before and immediately after exercise. The duration of regular training of average intensity was 1 hour: step 5 min; roaring lynx 10 minutes; step 5 min; training lynx 10 minutes; step 10 min; gallop with a transition to a step of 10 minutes; step 10 min. Blood samples from horses were taken from a jugular vein in a test tube without an anticoagulant (10 ml; Vacutest, Italy) and an anticoagulant (EDTA-K, 2.0 ml; Sarstedt, Germany). Diseases of the heart muscle are accompanied by the release of substances released from damaged cardiomyocytes, in particular, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin. It has been established that the key to the pathogenesis of myocardial dystrophy in sport horses is the discrepancy between costs and energy recovery in the functioning structures of the heart muscle due to excessive cardiac load and significant increase in energy costs, as well as a disturbance in the balance of the electrolytes. Hyperlactatemia that occurs in horses during exercise causes changes in the permeability of cardiomyocytes and exit enzymes in the blood and can play a key role in the pathogenesis of myocardial dystrophy. Іn sporting horses, after activity in blood serum, activity of AST and LDH increases in blood serum, a tendency to increase activity of creatine kinase (CК) is observed. The cardiac isoenzyme CK (CK‒MB) was detected by a specific marker of myocardial dystrophy in sport horses, since its activity was likely to increase in the blood of all experimental groups of animals. A less specific marker of myocardial damage was the activity of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (LDH‒1) in the blood, since the probable difference was established only in the Westphalian horses. Investigating the activity of AST, CK and CK-MB in horses can serve for differential diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis syndrome and damage to heart muscle cells, in particular for myocardial dystrophy.

scholarly journals ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK BY AZODYES. II

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
J. van der Scheer
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Anaphylactic Contraction

From the experiments presented, it follows that the specific precipitation and the production of anaphylactic shock with certain azodyes, as described previously, is due to these substances themselves and is not dependent upon formation of azoproteins by interaction of the dyes with proteins in the test tube or the animal body. Besides these, some other azodyes which in our tests did not give precipitation with corresponding immune sera were also found, in very small quantities, to induce anaphylactic contraction of the uterus of sensitized guinea pigs.

scholarly journals Richard Tecwyn Williams, 20 February 1909 - 29 December 1979

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 685-717 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
Toxic Mechanisms

The study of foreign compound metabolism is now a well established discipline with important ramifications into pharmacology and toxicology. For its origins one must look to the early part of the nineteenth century and to the work of German organic chemists such as Liebig, Wohler and Keller. They were fascinated by observations that organic substances such as benzoic acid, when introduced into the animal body, underwent chemical reactions similar to those they witnessed occurring in the test tube. The subject rapidly developed during the latter part of the nineteenth century under the influence of German physiological chemists such as Baumann, von Mering, Jaffe and Schmiedeberg. Indeed by 1900 the major pathways of foreign compound metabolism had been described as had been also the concept of ‘Entgiftung’ (detoxication). A factor responsible for this rapid development was the emergence of the new chemical industry manufacturing both heavy chemicals and pharmaceuticals such as acetanilide, aspirin and phenacetin. There was a need to establish a chemical basis to understand the toxic effects of these substances and one adopted approach to this was to study the ‘de-toxification’ of such substances in the animal body. The idea of the importance of metabolic studies in understanding toxic mechanisms is not therefore a new one.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document