scholarly journals TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTECTION AND IMMUNITY FOLLOWING INTRANASAL INOCULATION OF MONKEYS WITH GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Watson ◽  
Sidney Rothbard ◽  
Homer F. Swift ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Successful Inoculation

1. Nasopharyngeal carrier states of several weeks to several months duration were induced in the Macaca mulatta by the intranasal inoculation with matt strains of group A streptococci. 2. Following such a successful inoculation with a particular type of group A streptococcus, the animal was usually resistant to reimplantation with that same type for several months to a year or more, although reimplantation with a heterologous type could generally be easily effected. 3. This resistance was shown to be closely correlated with the antibodies directed toward the type-specific M antigen, not toward the T antigen of the strains employed. 4. A majority (83.8 per cent) of the animals in which intranasal inoculation was followed by successful implantation developed significant increases in the antistreptolysin O titres of their sera; and in a limited number of instances, type-specific agglutinins and bacteriostatic antibodies were demonstrable in the animals' sera following successful implantation. 5. Nasopharyngeal carrier states could not be induced with the glossy, avirulent variants of group A streptococci; these animals, moreover, failed to show antibody responses and were susceptible to implantation with the matt variants of the homologous glossy strains. 6. The findings are in accord with the known facts regarding immunity to group A streptococci gained through experiments on rodents; and the possible relationship of these observations to the problem of type-specific immunity in human beings is discussed.

scholarly journals VARIATION OCCURRING IN GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI DURING HUMAN INFECTION

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Rothbard ◽  
Robert F. Watson
Keyword(s):  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Group A ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Streptococcal Proteinase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Observation Period

A study was made of the variation occurring in group A streptococci during the natural course of infection in man. From 54 patients with 56 different group A streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract, 251 strains of streptococci, isolated at weekly intervals following infection, were tested for their capacity to resist the bacteriostatic action of normal human blood. In 52 of the infections the streptococci were of recognized serological types and were also tested for variation in their ability to produce the type-specific M protein antigen. Strains isolated in the 1st week of infection were uniformly highly resistant to bacteriostasis and elaborated large amounts of M substance. In 42 per cent of the 52 infections, strains isolated in the convalescent and carrier stages showed an increasing susceptibility to bacteriostasis correlated with a progressive loss of M substance; whereas in the remaining 58 per cent resistance to bacteriostasis and the capacity to produce M protein were maintained throughout the observation period. In 3 different infections, the streptococci became so degraded that no M protein could be demonstrated in acid extracts of these variants. Concomitantly these strains became highly susceptible to bacteriostasis. Spontaneous reversion did not occur, but serial mouse passage reestablished these functions. These degraded variants had the same T antigen as their respective original strains. No evidence was obtained that variation of group A streptococci in resistance to bacteriostasis or in the ability to produce the type-specific M antigen was associated (a) with the appearance of type-specific bacteriostatic antibodies; (b) with any particular serological type of streptococcus; (c) with the production of streptococcal proteinase which digests the M protein; (d) with the therapeutic administration of sulfadiazine; or (e) with the development of complications. The possible relationship of these observations to the problem of the "dangerous carrier" of group A hemolytic streptococci is discussed.

Electron microscopy of the replicative events of A25 bacteriophages in group A streptococci

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Read ◽  
R. W. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Virulent Phage ◽  
Acid Pool ◽  
Group A ◽  
A Cell

The replicative events of a virulent phage (A25) infection of a group A Streptococcus (T253) were studied using the electron microscope. The first intracellular evidence of phage replication in a cell occurred 30 min after infection with arrest of cell division and increase in the nucleic acid pool. Phage heads were evident in the nucleic acid pool of the cells 45 min after infection. Release of phages occurred by splitting of the cell wall along discrete lines. This appeared to be at sites of active wall synthesis, i.e., near the region of septum formation. Many phage components were released but relatively few complete phages indicating a relatively inefficient replicative system.

scholarly journals Value of rapid test for identification of beta hemolytic Streptococcus antigens in children with Streptococcal pharyngitis

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 39-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branimir Nestorovic ◽  
Suzana Laban-Nestorovic ◽  
Veselinka Paripovic ◽  
Katarina Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the most common bacterial agent associated with the upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The most frequently group A streptococcus-associated disease is pharyngitis. Males and females are equally affected by group A streptococcus. There is seasonal increase in the prevalence of group A streptococcus-associated pharyngitis. Streptococcal pharyngitis is most prevalent in winter and early spring with higher incidence of disease observed in crowded population such as school children. Early diagnosis and treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms and further complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The conventional methods used for identification of group A streptococci depend on isolation and identification of the organism on blood agar plates. These methods usually require 18-24 hours of incubation at 37?C. Such delay in identifying the group A streptococcus has often made physicians to administer therapy without first disclosing the etiological agent. Development of immunologic tests, capable of detecting the group A streptococcal antigen directly from the throat swabs, produced rapid test results employed for better treatment of patients. STREP A test is a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs or culture. The accuracy of the test does not depend on the organism viability. Instead, group A strep antigen is extracted directly from the swab and identified using antibodies specific for the group A carbohydrates. We compared rapid test with conventional throat swab in 40 children, who met Centor criteria for streptococcal pharyngitis (absence of cough, high fever, purulent pharyngitis, enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes). Overall congruence of rapid test and culture was 94%. Test is easy to perform and it is recommended as the first diagnostic test for management of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. In children with negative test, but with characteristics highly suggestive of streptococcal infection, throat culture should be performed.

scholarly journals Survey of the bp/tee genes from clinical group A streptococcus isolates in New Zealand – implications for vaccine development

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1670-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Steemson ◽  
Nicole J. Moreland ◽  
Deborah Williamson ◽  
Julie Morgan ◽  
Philip E. Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is responsible for a wide range of diseases ranging from superficial infections, such as pharyngitis and impetigo, to life-threatening diseases, such as toxic shock syndrome and acute rheumatic fever (ARF). GAS pili are hair-like extensions protruding from the cell surface and consist of highly immunogenic structural proteins: the backbone pilin (BP) and one or two accessory pilins (AP1 and AP2). The protease-resistant BP builds the pilus shaft and has been recognized as the T-antigen, which forms the basis of a major serological typing scheme that is often used as a supplement to M typing. A previous sequence analysis of the bp gene (tee gene) in 39 GAS isolates revealed 15 different bp/tee types. In this study, we sequenced the bp/tee gene from 100 GAS isolates obtained from patients with pharyngitis, ARF or invasive disease in New Zealand. We found 20 new bp/tee alleles and four new bp/tee types/subtypes. No association between bp/tee type and clinical outcome was observed. We confirmed earlier reports that the emm type and tee type are associated strongly, but we also found exceptions, where multiple tee types could be found in certain M/emm type strains, such as M/emm89. We also reported, for the first time, the existence of a chimeric bp/tee allele, which was assigned into a new subclade (bp/tee3.1). A strong sequence conservation of the bp/tee gene was observed within the individual bp/tee types/subtypes (>97 % sequence identity), as well as between historical and contemporary New Zealand and international GAS strains. This temporal and geographical sequence stability provided further evidence for the potential use of the BP/T-antigen as a vaccine target.

Development of a multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay for the quantitation of antibody responses to group A streptococci

2006 ◽  
Vol 316 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Martins ◽  
Nancy H. Augustine ◽  
Harry R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A

scholarly journals Type 49 Streptococcus pyogenes: Phage subtypes as epidemiological markers in isolates from skin sepsis and acute glomerulonephritis

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Skjold ◽  
Lewis W. Wannamaker ◽  
Dwight R. Johnson ◽  
Harold S. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Acute Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Related Strain ◽  
Group A ◽  
Epidemiological Markers

SUMMARYStudies of group A, M type 49 streptococci from England, Trinidad and Alaska indicate that isolates of this serotype often differ with respect to phage subtype from one geographical areato another, but are generally homogeneous in one place at one time. The findings support the conclusion that acute glomerulonephritis can be associated with a variety of phage subtypes of M type 49 streptococci.In outbreaks of skin sepsis without nephritis in England, the phage subtypes of M type 49 streptococci isolated from skin lesions of meat handlers were the same as those recovered from skin lesions of non-meat handlers in the same community.The findings on the Trinidad isolates suggest that M type 49 streptococci of one phage subtype may persist in a population for 9 years and may result in a second outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis.In an Alaska Eskimo population in whom acute glomerulonephritis was occurring, most of the M type 49 isolates available for testing were of a single phage subtype. Equally prevalent in this population were group A streptococci that exhibited the same T antigen as the type 49 isolates but differed in their serum opacity reaction and phage subtype. This apparently related strain was not typable with available M antisera but showed functional evidence of M protein and is probably a new M type.

scholarly journals THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO M ANTIGENS IN CERTAIN GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI RELATED TO TYPE 14

1961 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grove G. Wiley ◽  
Armine T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Parent Strain ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A

A strain of Group A streptococcus previously considered to belong to Type 14 was shown to have two immunologically distinct M antigens, designated Type 14 and Type 51. Most strains having the Type 14 M antigen were found to have also the Type 51 M antigen, and are considered to belong to Type 14–51. Four strains had the Type 51 M antigen without the Type 14 M antigen and one strain had the Type 14 M antigen without the Type 51 M antigen. The failure of a variant to produce the known M antigen of the parent strain does not necessarily mean that the strain is M-, because a second M antigen may be present as was the case in several strains described here.

scholarly journals Relationship of M protein genes in group A streptococci.

1985 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1822-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Scott ◽  
W. M. Pulliam ◽  
S. K. Hollingshead ◽  
V. A. Fischetti
Keyword(s):  
M Protein ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
M Protein Genes
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