scholarly journals THE REVERSIBILITY OF THE O-D TYPE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS VARIATION

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Magill ◽  
John Y. Sugg
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Virus Particle ◽  
Test System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Virus Variation

Data are presented which enhance the idea that the influenza virus is an unstable agent. They indicate that the O-D type of variation is not a discontinuous mutation but rather is a reversible phenomenon. The O and the D forms of virus both appear to be inherent in the virus particle; the dominance of one or the other form seems to be subject to chance occurrences, but is influenced by the conditions under which the virus is propagated. The capacity of the O form of virus to agglutinate guinea pig but not chicken crythrocytes is a relative, not an absolute phenomenon; allantoic fluids which exhibit clear-cut O form hemagglutination may be made to exhibit D form merely by addition of suitable buffer to the test system. That point is of importance from the viewpoint of the mechanism of influenza virus hemagglutination.

scholarly journals INDICATIONS OF HEREDITARY, SPATIAL REARRANGEMENT OF ANTIGEN COMPLEXES, IN THE INFLUENZA VIRUS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Magill
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Particle ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Surface Reactivity ◽  
Hereditary Change ◽  
Virus Variation

During passage in mice which had been vaccinated with the homologous, and with closely related strains of influenza virus, the passage strain developed a lessened susceptibility to the deleterious effects of the "immune" environment, concommittant with which was a developed capacity to evoke antibodies which reacted with earlier strains of virus—a capacity which was inapparent in the parent strain. However, the parent strain exhibited a relatively broad range of surface reactivity which was not apparent in the derived strain. The data are interpreted to mean that the hereditary change resulted from spatial rearrangement and quantitative redistribution of antigens in the virus particle (in which the surface is viewed as being distinct from the inner bulk), and are viewed as enhancing the idea that influenza virus variation (i.e., "mutation") may result from a rearrangement of existing hereditary elements.

Comparative Study of Proactivators of the Fibrinolysin System in Three Mammalian Species

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 594-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Takada ◽  
A Takada ◽  
J. L Ambrus
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Plasminogen Activators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Fibrin Plate

SummarySephadex gel filtration of human plasma gave results suggesting the presence of two proactivators of plasminogen, termed proactivators A and B.Activity resembling that of proactivator A was found in rabbit plasma, but not in guinea pig plasma.Plasminogen activators produced by the interaction of proactivator A of human plasma with streptokinase had no caseinolytic or TAMe esterolytic effect.Proactivator A can be separated in a form apparently free from plasminogen, as shown by the heated fibrin plate test and by immunological analysis. On the other hand, proactivator B concentrates prepared so far are contamined with plasminogen.Human proactivators appear to be far more susceptible to streptokinase than are rabbit proactivators.Inhibitors of the fibrinolysin system were observed in the plasmas of all 3 species. These inhibitors are not present in the euglobulin fraction of plasma. Sephadex fractionation of euglobulin fractions results in proactivator preparations that do not contain inhibitors.

A Complete Replica of Contemporary Indian Society in the Fictional Works of Chetan Bhagat: A Detailed Literary Analysis of his Five Point Someone, One Night @ the Call Center and The Three Mistake of My

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Vikram Patel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Call Center ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Middle Class Family ◽  
Fiction Writers

hetan Bhagat is one of the most influential fiction writers of contemporary Indian English literature. Postmodern subjects like youth aspirations, love, sex, marriage, urban middle class sensibilities, and issues related to corruption, politics, education and their impact on the contemporary Indian society are recurrently reflected thematic concerns in his fictions. In all his fictions, he has mostly depicted the contemporary urban social milieu of Indian society. Though the fictions of Chetan Bhagat are romantic in nature, contemporary Indian society and its major issues are the chief of the concerns of all his fictions. He has focused on the contemporary issues of middle class family in his fictional works. All of the chief protagonists of his works are sensitive youth and they do not compromise with the prevalent situations of society. Most of the characters are like caricatures that represent one or the other vice or virtue of the contemporary Indian society. The author has a mastery to convince the reader about the prevalent condition of society so that one can easily reproduce in mind, a clear cut image of contemporary Indian society. The present article is a sincere endeavor to present the detailed literary analysis of the select fictions of Chetan Bhagat keeping in mind how the contemporary Indian society has been replicated in the fictions.

scholarly journals A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smadel ◽  
M. J. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Soluble Substance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times

Anti-soluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances, which develop following infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, appear to be separate entities. The times of appearance and regression of the two antibodies are different in both man and the guinea pig; the antisoluble substance antibodies appear earlier and remain a shorter time. Moreover, mice develop them but no demonstrable neutralizing substances. Injection of formalin-treated, virus-free extracts containing considerable amounts of soluble antigen fails to elicit anti-soluble substance antibodies and to induce immunity in normal guinea pigs; administration of such preparations to immune pigs, however, is followed by a marked increase in the titer of anti-soluble substance antibodies in their serum. On the other hand, suspensions of formolized washed virus are effective in normal guinea pigs in stimulating both anti-soluble substance antibodies and protective substances, and in inducing immunity to infection.

scholarly journals From reflex to reflection: Moving from the space of causes to the space of reasons and back

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 681-693
Author(s):  
Ariel Furstenberg
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Space Of Reasons ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simple Picture

AbstractThis article proposes to narrow the gap between the space of reasons and the space of causes. By articulating the standard phenomenology of reasons and causes, we investigate the cases in which the clear-cut divide between reasons and causes starts to break down. Thus, substituting the simple picture of the relationship between the space of reasons and the space of causes with an inverted and complex one, in which reasons can have a causal-like phenomenology and causes can have a reason-like phenomenology. This is attained by focusing on “swift reasoned actions” on the one hand, and on “causal noisy brain mechanisms” on the other hand. In the final part of the article, I show how an analogous move, that of narrowing the gap between one’s normative framework and the space of reasons, can be seen as an extension of narrowing the gap between the space of causes and the space of reasons.

The five‐factor personality model in applied settings

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Montag ◽  
Joseph Levin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Neo Personality Inventory ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

Two studies of the Revised NEO‐Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) conducted on two different applicant samples (one consisting of 539 female subjects and the other consisting of 396 male subjects) are reported. Factor analysis of the female sample yielded a five‐factor solution, highly congruent with the factors presented by Costa, McCrae and Dye (1991). Results of the male data were less clear‐cut, yielding four to five factors which were moderately congruent with the American data. The combined male and female sample showed again high congruence coefficients. Various minor deviations in the location of the facet variables are discussed.

Lexical Arguments and Information Types in Malay Oral Narratives

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-97
Author(s):  
Siaw-Fong Chung
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Oral Narratives ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Intonation Units ◽  
Locative Expressions ◽  
Transitive Verbs

The analysis in this paper was based on five Malay narratives of the “frog story”. In these narratives, the types of lexical arguments and their relations with information flow and topic continuity were analyzed. It was found that most narrators used one lexical argument in telling the frog story (e.g., sarang itu jatuh “the nest fell”). About 60% of the verbs in the narratives contained one lexical argument only. Some transitive verbs that usually require the presence of both lexical arguments were used with one lexical argument only when produced in speech (e.g., dia mencari ø di merata tempat “he searched (for) ø everywhere”). Objects were sometimes omitted, as their meanings could be predicted from previous context. Despite the omission of objects, transitive constructions still prevailed in the stories. The most frequently occurring lexical arguments were objects (O) (37%), followed by intransitive subjects (S) (29%) and transitive subjects (A) (27%). In addition, our results showed that new information in Malay was usually allocated to the core argument of the object and to locative expressions, indicating that most of the new information appeared at the end of a clause. On the other hand, topic continuity was held between the subjects in two continuous intonation units. This clear-cut division of discourse functions in the heads and tails of constructions was consistently found in the five pieces of narration. This observation not only showed how ideas could be continued in Malay oral narratives, but also contributes to the study of discourse structure in Malay.

On a Peculiar Type of Intersexuality in the Guinea-Pig

1927 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-244
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER LIPSCHUTZ
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Testicular Transplantation ◽  
Hereditary Nature ◽  
External Genital Organs

An abnormal condition of the external genital organs in 16 otherwise normal female guinea-pigs is described. They possessed an hypertrophied penis-like clitoris and horny styles similar to those in the intromittent sac of the normal male penis. The abnormalities are often asymmetrical, the clitoris and the horny style on one side being more developed than on the other. They may even be absent on one side. It is suggested that the malformation is a peculiar type of "partial somatic intersexuality," the external genital organs resembling those in the male guinea-pig. The condition is identical with that described in the castrated female guinea-pig experimentally masculinised by testicular transplantation. There was no indication of the ovaries producing simultaneously female and male sexual hormones: (a) The ovaries were histologically normal. (b) The ovaries when engrafted into castrated males produced the typical female hormonic effect on the mammary glands and had no influence on the penis or on the horny styles. (c) The clitoris and the horny styles of the intersexual females were not affected by removal of the ovaries, whereas in the male removal of the testes caused a pronounced regression of the horny styles even in fully grown animals. (d) The horny styles when cut regenerated even after removal of the ovaries; there is never a regeneration in the castrated male, but only in the normal male. The question is discussed whether the described type of intersexuality might be a case of "successive hormonic intersexuality," both kinds of sexual hormones having been produced simultaneously for a certain time whereas at a later stage only female hormones were secreted. The hypertrophied clitoris and the horny styles would then be considered as "fixed" sex characters persisting after the disappearance of the male sexual hormones. The problem of fixation of sex characters by sexual hormones is considered on experimental lines. The facts observed are rather against the suggestion that the intersexuality described is a case of successive hormonic intersexuality. Other possibilities of explaining the morphogenetic basis of this peculiar type of intersexuality are also discussed. The intersexuality described is of an hereditary nature.

The control of trophoblastic growth in the guinea pig

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
E. B. Ilgren
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vivo Analysis

The growth of mouse trophectoderm depends upon the presence of the inner cell mass. Whether this applies to other species of mammals is not known. To investigate this problem, the guinea pig was selected for two reasons. Firstly, the growth of guinea-pig trophoblast resembles that of man. Secondly, earlier studies suggest that the proliferation of guinea-pig trophectoderm may not be under ICM control. Therefore, in the present study, the guinea-pig blastocyst was cut microsurgically to yield two tissue fragments. These contained roughly equal numbers of trophectodermal cells, one fragment being composed only of trophectoderm and the other containing ICM tissue as well. Subsequently, the growth of these mural and polar fragments was followed in vitro since numerous technical difficulties make an in vivo analysis of this problem impracticable. In a manner similar to the mouse, the isolated mural trophectoderm of the guinea pig stopped dividing and became giant. In contrast, guinea-pig polar fragments formed egg-cylinder-like structures. The latter contained regions structurally similar to two presumptive polar trophectodermal derivatives namely the ectoplacental and extraembryonic ectodermal tissues. These findings suggest that guinea-pig trophectodermal growth may occur in a manner similar to the mouse and thus be under ICM control.

scholarly journals HLA restriction of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus. Poor recognition of virus associated with HLA A2.

1978 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 1458-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
A McMichael
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), specific for influenza A/X31 virus, were generated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These CTL lysed target cells that were infected with the same virus and that shared HLA A or B locus antigens. Minimal lysis was observed when HLA-D antigens were shared. Not all HLA A and B antigens were equally effective. Efficient lysis of target cells was seen when HLA A1, A3, B7, B8, B27 and BW21 were shared with the CTL, but when HLA A2 was the only shared antigen lysis was usually minimal. This deficiency in CTL function associated with HLA A2 was not absolute. It is suggested that the function of this antigen might be influenced by other surface molecules on the cell and in particular the other HLA products.

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