Meta‐analysis of Trade‐offs among Plant Antiherbivore Defenses: Are Plants Jacks‐of‐All‐Trades, Masters of All?

2004 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. E64-E75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Heli Nykänen ◽  
Ernesto Gianoli
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Antiherbivore Defenses

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Nonindependence and Meta-analysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Lajeunesse ◽  
Michael S. Rosenberg ◽  
Michael D. Jennions
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Worked Example ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nested Hierarchy ◽  
Antiherbivore Defenses ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Size Data

In ecological and evolutionary meta-analysis, pooling research from multiple species can be a problem because species form a nested hierarchy of phylogenetic relationships. This shared phylogenetic history can introduce a correlated structure to effect size data because studies on closely related species may yield similar outcomes, and therefore similar estimates of effect sizes. This similarity is the product of shared (i.e., phylogenetically conserved) morphological, physiological, or behavioral characteristics. This chapter describes statistical methods to account for phylogenetic nonindependence of species when pooling and testing for homogeneity of effect sizes. It also describes a method that compares the results of a traditional and a phylogenetically independent meta-analysis to evaluate which approach was more effective at explaining variation in research outcomes. Using these methods, it provides a worked example of a meta-analysis on trade-offs among plant antiherbivore defenses. The chapter concludes a discussion on approaches for collating phylogenetic information for meta-analysis.

scholarly journals Adult body growth and reproductive investment vary markedly within and across Atlantic and Pacific herring: a meta-analysis and review of 26 stocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thassya C. dos Santos Schmidt ◽  
Doug E. Hay ◽  
Svein Sundby ◽  
Jennifer A. Devine ◽  
Guðmundur J. Óskarsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

AbstractLife-history traits of Pacific (Clupea pallasii) and Atlantic (Clupea harengus) herring, comprising both local and oceanic stocks subdivided into summer-autumn and spring spawners, were extensively reviewed. The main parameters investigated were body growth, condition, and reproductive investment. Body size of Pacific herring increased with increasing latitude. This pattern was inconsistent for Atlantic herring. Pacific and local Norwegian herring showed comparable body conditions, whereas oceanic Atlantic herring generally appeared stouter. Among Atlantic herring, summer and autumn spawners produced many small eggs compared to spring spawners, which had fewer but larger eggs—findings agreeing with statements given several decades ago. The 26 herring stocks we analysed, when combined across distant waters, showed clear evidence of a trade-off between fecundity and egg size. The size-specific individual variation, often ignored, was substantial. Additional information on biometrics clarified that oceanic stocks were generally larger and had longer life spans than local herring stocks, probably related to their longer feeding migrations. Body condition was only weakly, positively related to assumingly in situ annual temperatures (0–30 m depth). Contrarily, body growth (cm × y−1), taken as an integrator of ambient environmental conditions, closely reflected the extent of investment in reproduction. Overall, Pacific and local Norwegian herring tended to cluster based on morphometric and reproductive features, whereas oceanic Atlantic herring clustered separately. Our work underlines that herring stocks are uniquely adapted to their habitats in terms of trade-offs between fecundity and egg size whereas reproductive investment mimics the productivity of the water in question.

Why Do Firms Participate in Voluntary Environmental Programs? A Meta-Analysis of the Role of Institutions, Resources, and Program Stringency

2021 ◽  
pp. 108602662199006
Author(s):  
Peter Tashman ◽  
Svetlana Flankova ◽  
Marc van Essen ◽  
Valentina Marano
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
Environmental Programs ◽  
Voluntary Environmental Programs ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

We meta-analyze research on why firms join voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) to assess the impact of program stringency, or the extent to which they have rigorous, enforceable standards on these decisions. Stringency creates trade-offs for firms by affecting programs’ effectiveness, legitimacy, and adoption costs. Most research considers singular programs and lacks cross program variation needed to analyze program stringency’s impact. Our meta-analysis addresses this by sampling 127 studies and 23 VEPs. We begin by identifying common institutional and resource-based drivers of participation in the literature, and then analyze how program stringency moderates their impacts. Our results suggest that strictly governed VEPs encourage participation among highly visible and profitable firms, and discourage it when informal institutional pressures are higher, and firms have prior experience with other VEPs or quality management standards. We demonstrate that VEP stringency has nuanced effects on firm participation based on the institutional and resource-based factors facing them.

scholarly journals Temperature as a modulator of sexual selection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto García-Roa ◽  
Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez ◽  
Daniel W.A. Noble ◽  
Pau Carazo
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Secondary Sexual Traits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range

A central question in ecology and evolution is to understand why sexual selection varies so much in strength across taxa, and it has long been known that ecological factors are crucial to this respect. Temperature is a particularly critical abiotic ecological factor that can drastically modulate a wide range of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits, impacting individuals and populations at a global taxonomic scale. Furthermore, temperature exhibits substantial temporal variation (e.g. daily, seasonally and inter-seasonally), and hence for most species in the wild sexual selection will regularly unfold in a dynamic thermal environment. Unfortunately, studies have so far almost completely neglected the role of temperature as a modulator of sexual selection. Here, we outline the main pathways via which temperature can affect the intensity and form (i.e. mechanisms) of sexual selection, via: a) direct effects on secondary sexual traits and preferences (i.e. trait variance, opportunity for selection and trait-fitness covariance), and b) indirect effects on key mating parameters, sex-specific reproductive costs/benefits, trade-offs, demography and correlated abiotic factors. Building upon this framework, we show that, by focusing exclusively on the first order effects that environmental temperature has on traits linked with individual fitness and population viability, current global warming studies may be ignoring important eco-evolutionary feedbacks mediated by sexual selection. Finally, we tested the general prediction that temperature modulates sexual selection by conducting a meta-analysis of available studies experimentally manipulating temperature and reporting effects on the variance of male/female reproductive success and/or traits under sexual selection. Our results show a clear association between temperature and sexual selection measures in both sexes. In short, we suggest that studying the feedback between temperature and sexual selection processes can be vital to better understand variation in the strength of sexual selection in nature, and its consequences for population viability in response to environmental change (e.g. global warming).

scholarly journals Dietary Ingredients Requiring Further Research Before Evidence-Based Recommendations Can Be Made for Their Use as an Approach to Mitigating Pain

Pain Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1619-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Crawford ◽  
Courtney Boyd ◽  
Kevin Berry ◽  
Patricia Deuster ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Rose Hip

Abstract Objective Approximately 55–76% of Service members use dietary supplements for various reasons; although such use has become popular, decisions are often driven by information that is not evidence-based. This work evaluates whether current research on dietary ingredients for chronic musculoskeletal pain provides sufficient evidence to inform decisions for practice and self-care, specifically for Special Operations Forces personnel. Methods A steering committee convened to develop research questions and factors required for decision-making. Key databases were searched through August 2016. Eligible systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials were assessed for methodological quality. Meta-analysis was applied where feasible. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation was used to determine confidence in the effect estimates. The committee used a decision table to make evidence-informed judgments across decision-making factors and recommendations for practice and self-care use. Results Nineteen dietary ingredients were assessed. No recommendations were given for boswellia, ginger, rose hip, or s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe); specifically, although ginger can be obtained via food, no recommendation is provided for use as a supplement due to unclear research. Further, there were insufficient strong research on boswellia and SAMe and possible compliance issues (i.e., high number of capsules required daily) associated with rose hip. Conclusions No recommendations were made when the evidence was low quality or trade-offs were so closely balanced that any recommendation would be too speculative. Research recommendations are provided to enhance the quality and body of evidence for the most promising ingredients. Clinicians and those with chronic pain can rely on evidence-based recommendations to inform their decisions.

Benefits and trade‐offs of replacing synthetic fertilizers by animal manures in crop production in China: A meta‐analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Zhang ◽  
Qunchao Fang ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Wenqi Ma ◽  
Gerard L. Velthof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Manures ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizers

scholarly journals Evaluating wider benefits of natural flood management strategies: an ecosystem-based adaptation perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Iacob ◽  
John S. Rowan ◽  
Iain Brown ◽  
Chris Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Land Drainage ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Restoration Strategies

Climate change is projected to alter river flows and the magnitude/frequency characteristics of floods and droughts. Ecosystem-based adaptation highlights the interdependence of human and natural systems, and the potential to buffer the impacts of climate change by maintaining functioning ecosystems that continue to provide multiple societal benefits. Natural flood management (NFM), emphasising the restoration of innate hydrological pathways, provides important regulating services in relation to both runoff rates and water quality and is heralded as a potentially important climate change adaptation strategy. This paper draws together 25 NFM schemes, providing a meta-analysis of hydrological performance along with a wider consideration of their net (dis) benefits. Increasing woodland coverage, whilst positively linked to peak flow reduction (more pronounced for low magnitude events), biodiversity and carbon storage, can adversely impact other provisioning service – especially food production. Similarly, reversing historical land drainage operations appears to have mixed impacts on flood alleviation, carbon sequestration and water quality depending on landscape setting and local catchment characteristics. Wetlands and floodplain restoration strategies typically have fewer disbenefits and provide improvements for regulating and supporting services. It is concluded that future NFM proposals should be framed as ecosystem-based assessments, with trade-offs considered on a case-by-case basis.

scholarly journals Diversified crop rotations enhance groundwater and economic sustainability of food production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Yang ◽  
Tammo Steenhuis ◽  
Kyle Davis ◽  
Wopke van der Werf ◽  
Coen Ritsema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Earth’s water resources are critical for supporting livelihoods and food security but are being increasingly overexploited to support global agriculture. Diversifying cropping systems could potentially resolve unsustainable water use but trade-offs with other aspects of sustainability and food security have not yet been assessed. We perform a detailed meta-analysis to systematically compare 31 different crop rotations in China– in terms of actual evapotranspiration (ETa), effect on groundwater depth, grain yield, economic output, and water use efficiency (WUE) – and identify configurations that can achieve co-benefits across multiple dimensions. We find that a combination of lowering the cropping index (i.e., harvest frequency), incorporating fallow periods, and introducing higher value crops into the currently dominant winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system can reduce growing season ETa by as much as 31%, mitigate groundwater decline by 19% or more, and increased economic output and economic WUE by more than 11% and 3%, respectively. We also find that multiple diversified wheat-maize–based rotations– all with rotation lengths greater than two years– achieve co-benefits across all evaluated dimensions. This study provides new empirical evidence of the opportunities for diversified crop rotations to balance the multiple objectives of food production, sustainable groundwater use and farmer profitability. Extending this solution to other water-stressed agricultural regions could be an effective strategy in achieving more sustainable food production globally.

scholarly journals Individual differences in behaviour explain variation in survival: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Moiron ◽  
Kate L. Laskowski ◽  
Petri Toivo Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioural Types ◽  
Risky Behaviours ◽  
First Time

Research focusing on among-individual differences in behaviour (“animal personality”) has been blooming for over a decade. One of the central theories explaining the maintenance of behavioural variation posits a trade-off between behaviour and survival with individuals expressing greater “risky” behaviours suffering higher mortality. Here, for the first time, we synthesize the existing empirical evidence for this key prediction. Our results did not support this prediction as there was no directional relationship between riskier behaviour and greater mortality; however there was a significant absolute relationship between behaviour and survival. In total, behaviour explained a significant, but small, portion (4.4%) of the variance in survival. We also found that risky (versus “shy”) behavioural types live longer in the wild, but not in the laboratory. This suggests that individuals expressing risky behaviours might be of overall higher quality but the lack of predation pressure and resource restrictions mask this effect in laboratory environments. Our work implies that individual differences in behaviour explain important differences in survival but not in the direction predicted by theory. Importantly, this suggests that the models predicting survival trade-offs may need revision and/or empiricists may need to reconsider their proxies of risky behaviours when testing such theory.

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