Risk of Transmission Associated With Live Attenuated Vaccines Given to Healthy Persons Caring for or Residing With an Immunocompromised Patient

Objective.Persons who receive live attenuated vaccine may occasionally transmit the vaccine strain to others. The risk of such transmission is a concern, especially for persons who provide care to immunocompromised patients (ie, family and healthcare workers [HCWs]). Since the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices released guidelines 10 years ago, several new live attenuated products have been introduced, and additional information on older vaccines has become available. To better define the risk of transmission associated with live vaccines, we reviewed the currently available literature.Results.A review of the medical literature revealed no major risk of transmission associated with any live attenuated vaccine. A theoretical risk continues to exist for the live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine and the smallpox vaccine.Conclusions.The available data support routine vaccination with live attenuated vaccines for all household contacts of immunocompromised patients and for HCWs caring for such Patients. The benefit for immunocompromised patients of providing herd immunity against this group of potentially devastating pathogens outweighs the risk, if any, of secondary transmission.

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Duration of immunity acquired by vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine Avishield IB H120 against infectious bronchitis virus in SPF chickens

Veterinarska stanica ◽

10.46419/vs.51.6.7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 621-626

Author(s):

Lana Ljuma Skupnjak ◽

Anto Vrdoljak ◽

Nikol Očuršćak

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Effective Means ◽

The European Union ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Long Duration ◽

Single Vaccination

The most effective means of controlling infectious bronchitis in poultry is by vaccination. Live attenuated vaccines based on the H120 strain (Mass serotype) are the most commonly used vaccines. Since vaccination is often performed in the hatchery, long duration of immunity is preferred. Avishield IB H120, a live attenuated vaccine based on the strain H120 is registered across the European Union and other countries, and has a declared immunity period of up to 5 weeks after vaccination. This study presents the results of an additional survey demonstrating protection against challenge with the IBV strain M41 up to 8 weeks after a single vaccination with Avishield IB H120. Seven weeks after vaccination, 94% of chickens vaccinated by spray were protected against the challenge. Eight weeks after vaccination, 80% of spray vaccinated chickens and 75% of orally vaccinated chickens were still protected against the challenge with virulent IBV.

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An Oral Live Attenuated Vaccine Strategy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV)

10.20944/preprints202004.0153.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Madhusudana Girija Sanal ◽

Ravi Chandra Dubey

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Lung Epithelial Cells ◽

Vaccine Strategy ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Live Virus ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Lung Epithelial ◽

Per Oral

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2/2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic. The virus binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 which are abundantly expressed on various human cells including lung epithelial cells and intestinal cells and the virus can infect these cells. Currently no specific treatments or vaccines are available for this disease. A per oral live attenuated vaccine can be beneficial in SARS-Cov-2 infection because the attenuated virus initially infects the gut, stimulates the mucosa associated immune system sparing the respiratory system during the initial immune response. The live virus can also spread in the community boosting herd immunity.

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An oral live attenuated vaccine strategy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV)

Research Ideas and Outcomes ◽

10.3897/rio.6.e53767 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Madhusudana Girija Sanal ◽

Ravi Chandra Dubey

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Lung Epithelial Cells ◽

Vaccine Strategy ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Live Virus ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Lung Epithelial ◽

Per Oral

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV) infection has become a pandemic called COVID-19. The virus binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 which are abundantly expressed on various human cells including lung epithelial cells and intestinal cells and the virus can infect these cells. Currently no specific treatments or vaccines are available for this disease. A per oral live attenuated vaccine can be a good strategy in SARS-CoV-2 infection because the attenuated virus initially infects the gut, stimulates the mucosa associated immune system sparing the respiratory system during the initial immune response. The live virus can also spread in the community boosting herd immunity.

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Improved Stability Of Live, Attenuated Vaccine gdhA Derivative Pasteurella Multocida B:2 By Freeze Drying Technique

10.31988/scitrends.41035 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Murni Halim

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Pasteurella Multocida ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Improved Stability

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Can Mandated BCG Vaccine Promote herd Immunity against Novel Coronavirus? A Potential Solution at Hand to Tackle Covid-19 Pandemic

Current Immunology Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573395516999201112092557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Ashok Arasu ◽

Pavithra Balakrishnan ◽

Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy ◽

Thiagarajan Ramesh

Keyword(s):

Protective Factor ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Bcg Vaccine ◽

Intestinal Cells ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Lung Epithelial ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic that poses a severe threat to global public health. This pandemic started from the Wuhan City of Hubei Province in China, and is speculated to have originated from bats and spread among humans with an unknown intermediate transmitter. The virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is abundantly expressed on various human cells, including lung epithelial and intestinal cells, thereby entering into these cells and causing infection. It is transmitted to other humans through airborne droplets from infected patients. Presently there are no specific treatments or vaccines that are available to curtail the spread of this disease. There are few indirect reports that explain the potential importance of the mandated BCG vaccine as a protective factor against COVID-19. There is a speculation that a live attenuated vaccine (BCG vaccine) can be beneficial against COVID-19 to develop the initial immune response, and can also spread in the community, thereby boosting herd immunity to fight against COVID-19. This review summarizes the conclusions of various reports on the BCG vaccine, and is an attempt to establish BCG-vaccination mediated herd immunity as an effective instant intermediate approach in curbing COVID-19 spread in highly populous countries.

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COVID-19 Vaccine Intention among Healthcare Workers in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9080835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 835

Author(s):

Mohammed Noushad ◽

Mohammad Zakaria Nassani ◽

Anas B. Alsalhani ◽

Pradeep Koppolu ◽

Fayez Hussain Niazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Healthcare System ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Positive Sign ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public Health Strategies

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused largescale morbidity and mortality and a tremendous burden on the healthcare system. Healthcare workers (HCWs) require adequate protection to avoid onward transmission and minimize burden on the healthcare system. Moreover, HCWs can also influence the general public into accepting the COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, determining COVID-19 vaccine intention among HCWs is of paramount importance to plan tailor-made public health strategies to maximize vaccine coverage. A structured questionnaire was administered in February and March 2021 among HCWs in Saudi Arabia using convenience sampling, proceeding the launch of the vaccination campaign. HCWs from all administrative regions of Saudi Arabia were included in the study. In total, 674 out of 1124 HCWs responded and completed the survey (response rate 59.9%). About 65 percent of the HCWs intended to get vaccinated. The intention to vaccinate was significantly higher among HCWs 50 years of age or older, Saudi nationals and those who followed the updates about COVID-19 vaccines (p < 0.05). The high percentage (26 percent) of those who were undecided in getting vaccinated is a positive sign. As the vaccination campaign gathers pace, the attitude is expected to change over time. Emphasis should be on planning healthcare strategies to convince the undecided HCWs into accepting the vaccine in order to achieve the coverage required to achieve herd immunity.

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Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of an Intranasal Live-attenuated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2

iScience ◽

10.1016/j.isci.2021.102941 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102941

Author(s):

Jun-Guy Park ◽

Fatai S. Oladunni ◽

Mohammed A. Rohaim ◽

Jayde Whittingham-Dowd ◽

James Tollitt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Efficacy ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Attenuated Vaccine

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A Live-Attenuated Prime, Inactivated Boost Vaccination Strategy with Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Universal Influenza Virus Vaccines Provides Protection in Ferrets: A Confirmatory Study

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines6030047 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Raffael Nachbagauer ◽

Florian Krammer ◽

Randy Albrecht

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Virus Surface ◽

Virus Challenge ◽

Attenuated Vaccine

Influenza viruses cause severe diseases and mortality in humans on an annual basis. The current influenza virus vaccines can confer protection when they are well-matched with the circulating strains. However, due to constant changes of the virus surface glycoproteins, the vaccine efficacy can drop substantially in some seasons. In addition, the current seasonal influenza virus vaccines do not protect from avian influenza viruses of human pandemic potential. Novel influenza virus vaccines that aim to elicit antibodies against conserved epitopes like the hemagglutinin stalk could not only reduce the burden of drifted seasonal viruses but potentially also protect humans from infection with zoonotic and emerging pandemic influenza viruses. In this paper, we generated influenza virus vaccine constructs that express chimeric hemagglutinins consisting of exotic, avian head domains and a consistent stalk domain of a seasonal virus. Using such viruses in a sequential immunization regimen can redirect the immune response towards conserved epitopes. In this study, male ferrets received a live-attenuated vaccine virus based on the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 strain expressing a chimeric H8/1 (cH8/1) hemagglutinin, which was followed by a heterologous booster vaccination with a cH5/1N1 formalin inactivated non-adjuvanted whole virus. This group was compared to a second group that received a cH8/1N1 inactivated vaccine followed by a cH5/1N1 inactivated vaccine. Both groups showed a reduction in viral titers in the upper respiratory tract after the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus challenge. Animals that received the live-attenuated vaccine had low or undetectable titers in the lower respiratory tract. The results support the further development of chimeric hemagglutinin-based vaccination strategies. The outcome of this study confirms and corroborates findings from female ferrets primed with a A/Leningrad/134/17/57-based live attenuated cH8/1N1 vaccine followed by vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted cH5/1N1 split virus vaccine 10.

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