On the Relationship between Size of Population and Complexity of Social Organization

Quilombos were and still are structures that go beyond the typical feature of resistance. These communities are materializations of African social organization that was formed in Brazilian urban and rural areas. An important aspect of the presence of people of African origin in the Brazilian territory concerns the relationship between the quilombola communities and the environment that surrounds them.

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Sovereignty and Property

Property, Power and Politics ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781529213164.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107-136

Author(s):

Jean-Philippe Robé

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Open Access ◽

Social Organization ◽

The State ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Personal Relationships ◽

Natural State ◽

Organized Violence ◽

The Relationship

The Chapter deals with the relationship between the two concepts of sovereignty and property. It first addresses the thesis developed by North, Wallis and Weingast on the role of organized violence in the development of a modern, open access society. Their intuition is that the « limited access order » of the « natural state » in which personal relationships form the basis of social organization had to leave the way to an « open access order » in which impersonal categories of individuals interact. This is generally correct. But they neglected the role of law in the process and, in particular, the role of the development of constitutional modes of government. Via modern international law, starting in Europe in the middle of the seventeenth century, sovereignty was allocated among States. Via modern liberal constitutions, internal sovereignty was decentralized as a matter of principle to owners, who are decision-makers as a matter of principle towards the objects of property. The operations of political Organs of the State, of administrative Organs of the State and of law can usefully be viewed in this perspective.

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Late Foragers and First Farmers (8000–3700 BC)

The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199659777.003.0007 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Bradley ◽

Colin Haselgrove ◽

Marc Vander Linden ◽

Leo Webley

Keyword(s):

Social Organization ◽

Stone Tools ◽

Neolithic Period ◽

Monumental Architecture ◽

Hunter Gatherers ◽

Subsistence Economy ◽

North West ◽

Wild Resources ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Parts

This chapter spans an important period division. It considers both the ‘Mesolithic’ hunter-gatherers of the study area, and the first ‘Neolithic’ farmers. The relationship between them is one of the most important issues to be investigated by prehistoric archaeology, but it is also one of the most contentious. The period between 8000 and 3700 BC saw the change from a reliance on wild resources to a new subsistence economy based on the ownership of domesticated plants and animals. It must have involved completely new forms of social organization. The transition between these phases occurred at different times in different parts of north-west Europe, but in all instances it is where two distinctive kinds of scholarship impinge on one another. To some extent the distinction between these kinds of research is determined by the kinds of evidence that are available. For the most part Mesolithic activity is characterized by hearths, scatters of stone tools, shell middens, and other food remains. In some regions there are graves, but traces of domestic buildings are comparatively rare. There is little sign of more monumental structures. The Neolithic period, on the other hand, is characterized by durable wooden houses, enclosures, mounds, and stone-built tombs, and by a much wider range of artefacts. This contrast has implications for the kinds of research that can be undertaken. With notable exceptions, students of the Mesolithic are most concerned with food production, settlement patterns, and lithic technology and place a particular emphasis on ecology and adaptation. Specialists on the Neolithic period do not neglect these fields, but they are also able to consider monumental architecture. Because they can draw on a wider range of data, their studies extend to ritual and social organization in a way that is more difficult to achieve in the archaeology of foragers. That contrast has become even wider with recent increases in the scale of fieldwork. Mesolithic sites contain comparatively few subsoil features and are difficult to detect by remote sensing or sample excavation.

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Habermas on Truth and Justice

Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series ◽

10.1017/s135824610000182x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 207-228

Author(s):

Philip Pettit

Keyword(s):

Social Organization ◽

Ethical Standards ◽

Theory Of Justice ◽

The Relationship

The problem which motivates this paper bears on the relationship between Marxism and morality. It is not the well-established question of whether the Marxist's commitments undermine an attachment to ethical standards, but the more neglected query as to whether they allow the espousal of political ideals. The study and assessment of political ideals is pursued nowadays under the title of theory of justice, the aim of such theory being to provide a criterion for distinguishing just patterns of social organization from unjust ones. The main rivals in the field represent justice respectively as legitimacy, welfare and fairness. Marxism does not put forward a distinctive conception of justice itself and the question is whether the Marxist is free to choose as he thinks fit among the candidates on offer

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Social Organization Participation, Government Governance and the Equalization of Basic Public Services: Evidence from China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16162996 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (16) ◽

pp. 2996 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gangqiang Yang ◽

Yongyu Xue ◽

Yuxi Ma

Keyword(s):

Social Organization ◽

Public Services ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

Mediation Effect ◽

Public Science ◽

Social Organizations ◽

Linkage Effect ◽

Government Governance ◽

The Government ◽

The Relationship

This paper uses the methods of System Generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM), mediation effect and linkage effect to investigate the relationship among social organization participation, government governance and the equalization of basic public services from 2007 to 2017 in China. The empirical results show that the participation of social organizations and improvement in the government governance can promote the equalization of basic public services. The government has a greater capacity to drive the equalization of basic public services, but the density of social organizations can serve as a mediator in the equalization of basic public services. The government governance and social organization density have a strong linkage effect, but the link with social organization quality is weak. Furthermore, a linkage effect is evident in medical and health care, public education, environmental protection, and public culture but not in public science and social welfare.

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Habermas on Truth and Justice

Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series ◽

10.1017/s0957042x00001826 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 207-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Philip Pettit

Keyword(s):

Social Organization ◽

Ethical Standards ◽

Theory Of Justice ◽

The Relationship

The problem which motivates this paper bears on the relationship between Marxism and morality. It is not the well-established question of whether the Marxist's commitments undermine an attachment to ethical standards, but the more neglected query as to whether they allow the espousal of political ideals. The study and assessment of political ideals is pursued nowadays under the title of theory of justice, the aim of such theory being to provide a criterion for distinguishing just patterns of social organization from unjust ones. The main rivals in the field represent justice respectively as legitimacy, welfare and fairness. Marxism does not put forward a distinctive conception of justice itself and the question is whether the Marxist is free to choose as he thinks fit among the candidates on offer

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Copulation calls in wild Mueller’s gibbons (Hylobates muelleri)

Interaction Studies ◽

10.1075/is.16018.ino ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 362-374

Author(s):

Yoichi Inoue ◽

Waidi Sinun ◽

Kazuo Okanoya

Keyword(s):

Mating System ◽

Social Organization ◽

Sperm Competition ◽

Mate Guarding ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Mating Activity ◽

Selective Pressures ◽

Female Promiscuity ◽

Vocal Signals ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Mating activity of a wild Mueller’s gibbon group (Hylobates muelleri) was observed in the Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of copulation calls in gibbons. The female emitted copulation calls at the time of intromission and pelvic thrusting. Copulation calls were composed of two notes and one of them was sung only while mating. Approximately half of copulation calls were sung near the range boundary. Mating with copulation calls sometimes occurred while singing. According to the model that female copulation calls have evolved under the selective pressures of risk of infanticide and sperm competition, copulation calls should be rare in species with little female promiscuity. As gibbons usually live in pair-living social organization and have a monogamous mating system, no vocal signals by female gibbons are considered to be needed. However, clear copulation calls were emitted by the female. It suggests that the relationship between paired gibbons is unstable. Copulation calls by the female Mueller’s gibbon may function to increase mate guarding and strengthen the pair bond.

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Warfare and Society in the Carolingian Ostmark

Austrian History Yearbook ◽

10.1017/s0067237800008997 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 3-26

Author(s):

Charles R. Bowlus

Keyword(s):

Social Organization ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Modern World ◽

Medieval Europe ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between military and social organization has long been a topic of major concern and debate among scholars specializing in the history of the European middle ages. It is a topic of importance, for, as we who live in the modern world are aware, the ways in which any government organizes its people for warfare have many implications that go well beyond the strategy of a particular campaign or the tactics employed at a decisive battle. The rudimentary nature of the economies and governments in medieval Europe probably made the relationship between military and social organization more direct and, hence, more obvious than it is today. Peasants may have been illiterate, but they were cognizant of their obligation to serve in local levies and to provide food, fodder, and transport facilities for armies on campaign. Magnates who kept a retinue with them at all times and who garrisoned private fortresses were dependent on surpluses produced by the peasantry for the maintenance of these forces.

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