scholarly journals Digital optimization of car’s hinged components

2021 ◽  
Vol 2131 (5) ◽  
pp. 052010
Author(s):  
A Efimov ◽  
O Fedotova ◽  
V Goryunov ◽  
A Korostelkin ◽  
R Petrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Local Rigidity ◽  
Casting Technology ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technological Limitations ◽  
External Loads

Abstract The purpose of this work is to reduce the weight of the car’s hinged structures (front and rear doors, tailgate and lock reinforcements) by using various types of optimization which involve removing material, changing thicknesses, and topography from parts (topology, topography, parameter and multivariate) as well as the interpretation of optimization results for specific types of production while maintaining the rigidity and strength characteristics. This technique is necessary to reduce the time for product development and reduce the cost of manufacturing parts. This study addressed the issue of the maximum possible weight reduction while meeting all the requirements (strength calculations, stiffness calculations, modal analysis, analysis of resistance to external loads, local rigidity of the door attachment points - strength loadcases, stiffness loadcases, modal, denting, IPI) and technological limitations (Envelope requirements, casting technology). The final design solution was required to contain visible changes from the original structure, meet performance requirements, and obtain a feasibility study from the production department.

Bringing Ergonomics to the Design of a Behavioural Care Unit

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Jacqueline B. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The application of ergonomics is important when considering the built environment. In order to create an environment where form follows function, a detailed understanding of the tasks performed by the individuals who will live and work in the facility is required. Early involvement in the project is key to maximizing the benefit of ergonomics. At Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Canada, this early intervention was embraced during the design process of a behavioural care unit for aggressive patients. The ergonomist was involved in three phases of design; user needs analysis, block schematics and detailed design. The user needs and characteristics were established using a combination of focus groups, interviews, direct observation, task analysis and critique of current working environments. The challenge was to present the information to the design team in a useful manner. The format chosen was a modification of Userfit (Poulson 1996) that outlined the various characteristics of the patient group and the design consequences with “what does this mean for me” statements. During the block schematics phase an iterative design process was used to ensure that the ergonomic principles and the user needs were incorporated into the design. Ergonomic input was used in determining the room sizes and layout and to ensure work processes were considered. Simple mock-ups and anthropometric data assisted in illustrating the need for design changes. Examples that highlight the areas of greatest impact of ergonomic intervention include the patient bathrooms, showers and tub room. Significant changes were made to the design to improve the safety of the work and living space of the end users. One of the greatest challenges was having an appreciation for the individual goals of the team members. Ensuring there was adequate space for equipment and staff often resulted in recommendations for increased space. This in turn would increase the cost of the project. The architect and, later in the project, the engineer had goals of bringing the project in on budget. The final design was very much a team effort and truly die result of an iterative process. The sum of the individual contributions could not match the combined efforts. It was only through the ergonomic contributions in this early design phase that the needs of the staff, patients and families could be so well represented. The success of the iterative process provides the foundation for bringing ergonomics considerations into the early design stages of future projects.

Preliminary design of precast, segmental box-girder bridges using optimization

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Craig J. Miller ◽  
Juarez Accioly
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Box Girder Bridges ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Prestressing Steel ◽  
Girder Bridges ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Cost

Precast, prestressed segmental box-girder bridges are now accepted as an economical alternative for spans over 150 ft (46 m). Decisions about cross-sectional dimensions made during preliminary design can have a substantial influence on the final cost of the bridge. To help the designer obtain an economical starting point for a final design, a program was written to determine section dimensions and midspan and pier prestressing steel areas to give minimum cost. Since a preliminary design is obtained, the analysis techniques and design criteria have been simplified to reduce computation. The design produced by the program will satisfy AASHTO specification requirements and the recommendations of the PCI Bridge Committee. The optimization algorithm used is the generalized reduced gradient technique. To demonstrate the program capabilities, three example problems are discussed. The results indicate that optimum span-depth ratios are approximately 24 for the cost ratios used. The cost of the optimum design does not seem to be too sensitive to the ratio of concrete cost to prestressing steel cost.

scholarly journals Specific aspects of the retrofitting design and seismic assessment of a heritage pedestrian bridge

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Emil Yanev
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Pedestrian Bridge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this study is to establish a suitable structural system for the restoration of the destroyed part of the pedestrian bridge, which is a part of a hydrocomplex built along the Arda River (Bulgaria), and to improve the vulnerable details in the original structure, taking into account the seismic hazard on the site. The decision is also dictated by the choice of a construction method that does not interfere the Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) that is built along the river with the normal operation of which the subject is connected. The appropriate selection of materials and modelling of the overall behaviour of the old and new parts of the bridge are the basis of the optimal solution for interference with the structure and the possibility of extending its service life. It is also important to preserve the visual unity of the whole structural complex, thus preserving the original appearance and good construction practice from the time they have been built during the middle of the 20th century This design solution is part of an investment project of "Risk Engineering" Ltd.

Fast Product Development Capabilities With Efficient Management and Use of Product Requirements

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gritt Ahrens ◽  
Oliver Tegel
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Requirements Management ◽  
Time To Market ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Final Design ◽  
It Support ◽  
Design Documents ◽  
Integrated Concept ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Collection And Management

Abstract Short time to market is a key for success. Information management in product development is one factor for it’s influence. In this paper, the need for a methodology and an IT support for the collection and management of product requirements from identification of customer demands up to the preparation of the final design documents is highlighted. For this, triggers for time consuming iterations are identified and the basic reasons for iterations determined. The lacks of existing approaches in the U.S. and Germany for collecting and handling requirements are discussed, and an integrated concept for requirements management and an appropriate IT support for it are presented.

The Value of Prototyping: An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Costs of Prototyping, Perceived Value, and Design Outcome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Nelson ◽  
Jessica Menold
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Design Knowledge ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Prototyping is an important part of the design process and has repeatedly been identified in prior work as an important tool for designers to test assumptions, communicate ideas, and develop design knowledge. Researchers, however, currently have a limited understanding of how the resources invested in a prototype influence designers’ decision-making and their perceptions of a prototype’s value. Prior work has shown that significant investment of time or money in a prototype can lead to undesirable effects such as design fixation, but the full impact of these factors on designers’ perceived value of the prototypes remains unclear. Likewise, it is unclear how prototype usage impacts the evolution of designer knowledge. To explore these relationships, a study was performed in a 16 week-long design project involving 32 teams of mechanical engineering students. Results suggest that effective prototyping uncovered new design knowledge and limited uncertainty early in the design process, allowing teams to spend more time testing and iterating later in the design process. High-performing teams also reported final prototypes as less valuable for gathering new knowledge than their peers. Importantly, the study did not find any significant relationships between the cost of a prototype in terms of money and time, and the perceived value of that prototype. Nor were any significant relationships found between costs and final design outcomes. This work underscores the need for better methods to evaluate the value of prototyping efforts.

Multi-Objective Design and Selection of One Single Optimal Solution

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Levi ◽  
M. Gobbi ◽  
M. Farina ◽  
G. Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Engineering Problem ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Pareto Optimal Solutions ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Pareto Optimal Set ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Selection Of

In the paper, the problem of choosing a single final design solution among a large set of Pareto-optimal solutions is addressed. Two methods, the k-optimality approach and the more general k-ε-optimality method will be introduced. These two methods theoretically justify and mathematically define the designer’s tendency to choose solutions which are “in the middle” of the Pareto-optimal set. These two methods have been applied to the solution of a relatively simple engineering problem, i.e. the selection of the stiffness and damping of a passively suspended vehicle in order to get the best compromise between discomfort, road holding and working space. The final design solution, found by means of the k-ε-optimality approach seems consistent with the solution selected by skilled suspensions specialists. Finally the k-optimality method has proved to be very effective also when applied to complex engineering problems. The optimization of the tyre/suspension system of a sports car has been formulated as a design problem with 18 objective functions. A large set of Pareto-optimal solutions have been computed. Again, the k-optimality approach has proved to be a useful tool for the selection of a fully satisfactory final design solution.

scholarly journals Olifants River Bridge Widening

2018 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 10007
Author(s):  
Andrew Rowan ◽  
Les Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
South African ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
The South ◽  
Dead Weight ◽  
Remote Location ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Olifants River ◽  
Durability Performance

The Olifants River Bridge B3611 carries the N11 over the Olifants River, just North of the Loskop Dam. This structure was originally built in 1979 and was recently widened as part of the South African Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL)’s upgrade to the N11. At the time of design, very little was known about the bridge as no ‘As Built' drawings were available. Due to the remote locality of the structure, exploratory investigations were reserved until the construction phase. The final design solution was therefore amended during the construction phase in order to account for the reinforcement found within the structure. In addition to the heavier dead weight of the new widened deck, the bridge would be required to carry higher loads under modern loading codes. Widening works included new widened cantilevers with new reinforced concrete balustrades, tying into existing reinforcement. Strengthening for bending was provided to the main deck beams by means of longitudinal FRP plates epoxied to the soffit. Transverse pierhead strengthening using DYWIDAG bars was installed to counter increased moments, and pier strengthening using a reinforced concrete jacket was implemented to strengthen the piers. Durability concrete was specified in accordance with current SANRAL regulations and the durability performance of the concrete, even in this remote location was excellent. This paper summarises the work that was completed as part of this project.

Limits and Potential of 3D Printing Technologies for Construction of Concrete Shells

2019 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Michal Kovářík ◽  
Pavel Svoboda ◽  
Henri Hubertus Achten
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Digital Fabrication ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Structural Reinforcement ◽  
Double Curvature ◽  
Vertical Bearing ◽  
Concrete Shells ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technological Limitations

Concrete shells are a very effective type of building structures due to their ability to bridge large spans with minimal construction thickness. This type of building structures built on the medieval vaulting techniques and, regarding the use of reinforced concrete over the last 100 years, it has overcome the limitations of the masonry vaulting technologies and enabled to increase the span of structures to tens of meters. The construction technology to realize concrete shells using monolithic casting into formwork is besides abovementioned advantages characterized by high labour and thanks to the cost and manufacturing intensity of double curved formwork panels it allows economical realization of only selected structural geometries. Its considerable limitation is, besides the costly production of double curvature formwork, also the laborious installation of formwork and falsework structures. The solution seems to be in line with the upcoming transition to Construction 4.0 robotizing the construction technology of shells that could create a similar increase in productivity and design possibilities as was the technological transition between vaults and shells. One of the promising technologies of robotic production seems to be digital fabrication methods and, in particular, 3D printing or in other words additive manufacturing. This wasteless technology, which has been used to date for experimental projects mainly for the realization of vertical bearing structures, has, despite the first attempts at realizing vaults, a number of technological limitations. In this article, authors aim to summarize and indicate possible constraints of on site 3D printing of domes. They further indicate the possible ways to overcome these limitations and suggest two different means of on site 3D printing of hemispherical dome and the dome based on the catenary profile using extrusion nozzles with different profiles. Finally they discuss the Eurocode requirements for concrete shells and suggest technological solutions for on site 3D printed shells in terms of structural reinforcement.

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