The Affordable Clean Energy rule and the impact of emissions rebound on carbon dioxide and criteria air pollutant emissions

Abstract. China is the largest cement producer and consumer in the world. Cement manufacturing is highly energy-intensive, and is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutant emissions, which threatens climate mitigation and air quality improvement. In this study, we investigated the decadal changes of carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions for the period of 1990–2015, based on intensive unit-based information on activity rates, production capacity, operation status, and control technologies, which improved the accuracy of the cement emissions in China. We found that, from 1990 to 2015, accompanied by a 10.9-fold increase in cement production, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions from China's cement industry increased by 626 %, 59 %, and 658 %, whereas CO, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions decreased by 9 %, 66 %, and 63 %, respectively. In the 1990s, driven by the rapid growth of cement production, CO2 and air pollutant emissions increased constantly. Then, the production technology innovation of replacing traditional shaft kilns with the new precalciner kilns in the 2000s markedly reduced SO2, CO and PM emissions from the cement industry. Since 2010, the growing trend of emissions has been further curbed by a combination of measures, including promoting large-scale precalciner production lines and phasing out small ones, upgrading emission standards, installing low-NOx burners (LNB) and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) to reduce NOx emissions, as well as adopting more advanced particulate matter control technologies. Our study highlighted the effectiveness of advanced technologies on air pollutant emission control, however, CO2 emissions from China's cement industry kept growing throughout the period, posing challenges to future carbon emission mitigation in China.

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The Development of Electromobility in Poland and EU States as a Tool for Management of CO2 Emissions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12152942 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 2942 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Karol Tucki ◽

Olga Orynycz ◽

Antoni Świć ◽

Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

European Union ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Power Plants ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Original Method ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

The European Union ◽

Car Market ◽

The Impact

The article analyzes the dynamics of the development of the electromobility sector in Poland in the context of the European Union and due to the economic situation and development of the electromobility sector in the contexts of Switzerland and Norway. On the basis of obtained data, a forecast was made which foresees the most likely outlook of the electric car market in the coming years. The forecast was made using the creeping trend method, and extended up to 2030. As part of the analysis of the effect of the impact of electromobility, an original method was proposed for calculating the primary energy factor (PEF) primary energy ratio in the European Union and in its individual countries, which illustrates the conversion efficiency of primary energy into electricity and the overall efficiency of the power system. The original method was also verified, referring to the methods proposed by the Fraunhofer-Institut. On the basis of all previous actions and analyses, an assessment was made of the impact of the development of the electromobility sector on air quality in the countries studied. Carbon dioxide tank-to-wheels emission reductions which result from the conversion of the car fleet from conventional vehicles to electric motors were then calculated. In addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, other pollutant emissions were also calculated, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). The increase in the demand for electricity resulting from the needs of electric vehicles was also estimated. On this basis, and also on the basis of previously calculated primary energy coefficients, the emission reduction values have been adjusted for additional emissions resulting from the generation of electricity in power plants.

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A Type-2 Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Fractional Integrated Modeling Method for Energy System Management of Uncertainties and Risks

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12132472 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (13) ◽

pp. 2472 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Changyu Zhou ◽

Guohe Huang ◽

Jiapei Chen

Keyword(s):

Power Generation ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Power System ◽

Electric Power ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Electric Power System ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Mixed Integer

In this study, a type-2 fuzzy chance-constrained fractional integrated programming (T2FCFP) approach is developed for the planning of sustainable management in an electric power system (EPS) under complex uncertainties. Through simultaneously coupling mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), chance-constrained stochastic programming (CCSP), and type-2 fuzzy mathematical programming (T2FMP) techniques into a fractional programming (FP) framework, T2FCFP can tackle dual objective problems of uncertain parameters with both type-2 fuzzy characteristics and stochastic effectively and enhance the robustness of the obtained decisions. T2FCFP has been applied to a case study of a typical electric power system planning to demonstrate these advantages, where issues of clean energy utilization, air-pollutant emissions mitigation, mix ratio of renewable energy power generation in the entire energy supply, and the displacement efficiency of electricity generation technologies by renewable energy are incorporated within the modeling formulation. The suggested optimal alternative that can produce the desirable sustainable schemes with a maximized share of clean energy power generation has been generated. The results obtained can be used to conduct desired energy/electricity allocation and help decision-makers make suitable decisions under different input scenarios.

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Impact of Control Measures on Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Matter Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants in Anhui Province, China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10010035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Haitao Dai ◽

Dawei Ma ◽

Renbin Zhu ◽

Bowen Sun ◽

Jun He

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Nitrogen Oxides ◽

River Basin ◽

Power Plants ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Control Measures ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Huai River ◽

The Impact

Anhui is one of the highest provincial emitters of air pollutants in China due to its large coal consumption in coal-fired plants. In this study, the total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) from coal-fired power plants in Anhui were investigated to assess the impact of control measures on the atmospheric emissions based upon continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). The total NOx, SO2 and PM emissions significantly decreased from 2013 to 2017 and they were estimated at 24.5 kt, 14.8 kt and 3.0 kt in 2017, respectively. The emission reductions of approximately 79.0%, 70.1% and 81.2% were achieved in 2017 compared with a 2013 baseline, respectively, due to the application of high-efficiency emission control measures, including the desulfurization, denitration and dust-removing devices and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The NOx, SO2 and PM emission intensities were 0.125 g kWh−1, 0.076 g kWh−1 and 0.015 g kWh−1 in 2017, respectively, which were lower than the average of national coal-fired units. The coal-fired units with ≥600 MW generated 80.6% of the total electricity amount while they were estimated to account for 70.5% of total NOx, 70.1% of total SO2 and 71.9% of total PM. Their seasonal emissions showed a significant correlation to the power generation with the maximum correlation found in summer (July and August) and winter (January and December). The major regional contributors are the cities along the Huai River Basin and Yangtze River Basin, such as Huainan, Huaibei, Tongling, Maanshan and Wuhu, and the highest emission occurred in Huainan, accounting for approximately 26–40% of total emission from all the power plants. Our results indicated that the application of desulfurization, denitration and dust-removing devices has played an important role in controlling air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants.

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The impact of monitoring and enforcement on air pollutant emissions

Journal of Regulatory Economics ◽

10.1007/s11149-016-9293-7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 203-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jinghui Lim

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Monitoring And Enforcement ◽

The Impact

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The impact of road transport emissions on air quality in Brăila, Romania

Present Environment and Sustainable Development ◽

10.15551/pesd2021152001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 5-14

Author(s):

Carmelia Mariana Dragomir Balanica ◽

Ciprian Cuzmin ◽

Cecilia Serban ◽

Cristian Muntenita

Keyword(s):

Total Population ◽

Road Transport ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Road Vehicles ◽

Individual Mobility ◽

Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽

Transport Emissions ◽

The Impact

Road transport, including accessibility and individual mobility is considered unanimously as a fundamental element of contemporary living. The study area is considering Braila County with a total population of around over 305,000. The area it is well served by 6 national roads, 27 county roads and 42 communal roads and contains some of the most heavily trafficked stretches of road in the Romania. The emissions analysed in this study CH4, CO, CO2, N2O, NH3, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10, were collected by the Agency for Environmental Protection Braila during 2015-2019 based on questionnaires according to EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. The highest level of pollutant emissions was recorded in 2017, more exactly 191714,5 Megatons. In this article we analysed five categories of pollution sources: Passenger car, Light commercial trucks, Heavy-duty vehicles, Motorcycles and Non - Road vehicles and other mobile equipment. With the exception of CO2, N2O and NH3, pollutant emissions decreased for the eight pollutants analysed.

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Life Cycle Analysis of Emissions from Electric and Gasoline Vehicles in Different Regions

International Journal of Automation Technology ◽

10.20965/ijat.2017.p0572 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 572-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kamila Romejko ◽

◽

Masaru Nakano

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Life Cycle Analysis ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Gasoline Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered a promising technology to mitigate air pollution and resource depletion problems. The emissions from the manufacturing process can cause severe health problems like chronic asthma and even death. Automakers and policy makers need to investigate the lifecycle emissions of EVs in different regions and then governments should decide if it is safe to establish EV production facilities in their country or whether it is more appropriate to import finished products. The objective of this study is to evaluate the air pollutant emissions produced by EVs and gasoline vehicles (GVs) during their life cycles under two technology scenarios. Life cycle analysis (LCA) was applied to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) and non-GHG emissions. We assessed air pollution from vehicles in Japan, China, and the United Kingdom (UK). Results indicate that EVs do not necessarily decrease pollutant emissions. EVs can improve air quality and reduce emissions in countries where electricity is derived from clean energy resources.

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Status of Air Pollutant Emissions and Health Impact of LNG Cogeneration Plant in Administrative City, Republic of Korea

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7626 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yumi Kim

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Health Impact ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Risk Level ◽

Cogeneration Plant ◽

Impact Prediction ◽

The Impact

Along with the development of new cities, the construction of LNG cogeneration plant in urban areas is being promoted, and the facility has been pointed out as one of the major air pollution sources along with many vehicles in urban areas. For example, the construction of a new administrative city in Korea has led to the relocation of major government buildings and the influx of more than 300,000 people. The city has a 530 MW power plant + 391 Gcal/h district heating facility. The facility released 294,835 kg and 325,381 kg of NOx annually in 2017 and 2018, respectively. When examining the impact, we analyzed the impact of air pollutants (PM2.5, O3, NO2, etc.) through CMAQ modeling. In addition, the impact prediction using AERMOD related to the release of carcinogenic air pollutants is estimated to be no more than 10-5 (risk level), but measurement and verification are required. In addition to concentration-based risk assessments, health impact assessments are needed that consider the number of populations exposed. In this study, QGIS was used to calculate population. In conclusion, even if the same LNG power plant is constructed, the LNG cogeneration plant located adjacent to a large residential facility requires air pollutant management measures according to the exposure population by radius of influence&#160;

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Assessing the Impact of Road Traffic Reorganization on Air Quality: A Street Canyon Case Study

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11070695 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 695

Author(s):

Marek Bogacki ◽

Robert Oleniacz ◽

Mateusz Rzeszutek ◽

Paulina Bździuch ◽

Adriana Szulecka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Road Transport ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Commercial Vehicles ◽

The Road ◽

Management Changes ◽

The Impact

One of the elements of strategy aimed at minimizing the impact of road transport on air quality is the introduction of its reorganization resulting in decreased pollutant emissions to the air. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal strategy of corrective actions in terms of the air pollutant emissions from road transport. The study presents the assessment results of the emission reduction degree of selected pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and NOx) as well as the impact evaluation of this reduction on their concentrations in the air for adopted scenarios of the road management changes for one of the street canyons in Krakow (Southern Poland). Three scenarios under consideration of the city authorities were assessed: narrowing the cross-section of the street by eliminating one lane in both directions, limiting the maximum speed from 70 km/h to 50 km/h, and allowing only passenger and light commercial vehicles on the streets that meet the Euro 4 standard or higher. The best effects were obtained for the variant assuming banning of vehicles failing to meet the specified Euro standard. It would result in a decrease of the yearly averaged PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations by about 8–9% and for NOx by almost 30%.

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Correlational investigation of air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of motor vehicle in various dynamic conditions

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.002893 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Nitrogen Oxides ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Dynamic Conditions ◽

Vehicle Velocity

Air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are highly susceptible to the conditions of engine operation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between the emissions of individual pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide), the fuel consumption and various dynamic conditions of the operation of an engine. The empirical data was obtained by testing of passenger car with a spark-ignition engine on a chassis dynamometer in 12 various driving tests, both type-approval and special. The results indicate, that the strongest correlation exists between the emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons and between the fuel consumption and the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. The weakest correlation was found to be between the emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The average value of vehicle velocity proved to be suitable zero-dimensional characteristic of the dynamic driving conditions. The correlation between the emission of hydrocarbons and the average vehicle velocity can be assessed as the strongest, while between the emission of nitrogen oxides and the average vehicle velocity – the weakest.

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