scholarly journals Correlational investigation of air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of motor vehicle in various dynamic conditions

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Velocity

<p>Air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are highly susceptible to the conditions of engine operation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between the emissions of individual pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide), the fuel consumption and various dynamic conditions of the operation of an engine. The empirical data was obtained by testing of passenger car with a spark-ignition engine on a chassis dynamometer in 12 various driving tests, both type-approval and special. The results indicate, that the strongest correlation exists between the emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons and between the fuel consumption and the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. The weakest correlation was found to be between the emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The average value of vehicle velocity proved to be suitable zero-dimensional characteristic of the dynamic driving conditions. The correlation between the emission of hydrocarbons and the average vehicle velocity can be assessed as the strongest, while between the emission of nitrogen oxides and the average vehicle velocity – the weakest.</p>

scholarly journals Concentration modeling of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from cigarette consumption in atmosphere of Isfahan, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirreza Talaiekhozani ◽  
Ali Mohammad Amani ◽  
Zeinab Eskandari ◽  
Reza Sanaye
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Sources ◽  
Pollutants Dispersion

Introduction: Although many studies on Isfahan’s air pollution have been done, there is no report about the effects of cigarette consumption in Isfahan. The aims of this study were (a) to find the amount of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emitted by cigarette consumption in Isfahan; and (b) to model the distribution of such pollutants in Isfahan’s atmosphere. Materials and methods: Based on the literature, it is assumed that 15% of Isfahan’s people consume cigarettes and each smoker on average smokes 1,147 cigarettes per year. Based on these assumptions, the 249,000 smokers living in Isfahan consume 285,000,000 cigarettes per year. The amount of pollutant emissions was calculated by existing emission factors for cigarette consumption. Finally, the distribution of the emitted pollutants from cigarette consumption in Isfahan’s atmosphere was modeled using AERMOD. Results: The results illustrated that each year, 2.85 kg nitrogen oxides, 2.85 kg hydrocarbons, 37.05 kg carbon monoxide and 142.5 kg carbon dioxide are emitted into Isfahan’s atmosphere from residents’ smoking. The modeling of pollutants’ dispersion in Isfahan’s atmosphere showed that only some of these pollutants result from cigarette consumption. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the amount of pollutants emitted by cigarette consumption was negligible compared to the other pollutant sources in Isfahan.

scholarly journals Immersion temperature effects on light-duty gasoline vehicles’ fuel consumption under world-wide harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 01052
Author(s):  
Guangyao Wang ◽  
Hongyu Qin ◽  
Deyu Meng ◽  
Ziye Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Test Cycle ◽  
Gaseous Pollutant ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbon ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles

Basing on the experimental study of fuel consumbtion in World-wide Harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC ), this paper conducted the effects of using different immersion temperature on the fuel consumption of a light-duty gasoline vehicle. The study mainly studied the first phase of WLTC with three gaseous pollutant emissions: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon(CO2, CO and HC )which is measured to caculate the fuel consumption of Light-duty Gasoline Vehicles. It appears that with the increase of time the working condition of the vehicle tends to be stable resulting in the similar emission of the gaseous pollutant in the different test. Which means the immersion temperature mainly effects gaseous pollutant emissions in low-speed phase in WLTC. Besides, the cold start of engine had generated a large quantity of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon, but it is different for the carbon dioxide which was generated continuously in the first whole phase. The study also found that the use of a higher immersion temperatures (26℃) is more favorable than a lower immersion temperatures (23℃) in the typy of testing vehicle’s fuel consumption in the WLTC test cycle.

scholarly journals Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
Gyu-Gang Han ◽  
Jun-Hyuk Jeon ◽  
Yong-Jin Cho ◽  
Myoung-Ho Kim ◽  
Seong-Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Total Fuel Consumption

In Korea, rice is a major staple grain and it is mainly cultivated using various types of agricultural machinery. Air pollutants emitted from agricultural machinery have their origins mainly from the exhaustion of internal combustion engines. In this study, the emission characteristics of five main air pollutants by the European Environment Agency’s Tier 1 method for rice cultivation were analyzed. Diesel is a main fuel for agricultural machinery and gasoline is generally used only for rice transplanters as a fuel in Korea. Tractors consume 46% of total fuel consumption and 56% of diesel fuel consumption. Gasoline used for rice transplanters accounts for about 17% of the total fuel consumption each year. Tractors and rice transplanters emit 82% of all total pollutants. From 2011 to 2019, the total amount of air pollutant emissions decreased by 15%. That accounted for the reduction of rice cultivation fields in those periods. Rice transplanting operation accounts for 42% of total emissions. Then, harrowing, harvesting, tilling, leveling, and pest control operations generated 10%, 10%, 8%, 8%, and 7% of total emissions, respectively. The contribution of each air pollutant held 54% of CO, 39% of NOx, 5% of NMVOC, and 2% of TSP from the total emission inventory. The three major regions emitting air pollutants from mechanized agricultural practices were Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, which consume 55% of the total fuel usage in rice farming. The total amount of air pollutant emissions from rice cultivation practices in 2019 was calculated as 8448 tons in Korea.

scholarly journals Study of dynamic and ecological properties of automotive bi-fuel engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Jakub Lasocki ◽  
Hubert Sar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
High Rotational Speed ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Specific Distance

AbstractGaseous fuels are increasingly used to power internal combustion engines. Spark-ignition engines are fuelled with liquefied petroleum gas. Engines powered by gaseous fuels are characterized by good ecological properties due to the emission of pollutants. The paper presents the results of empirical tests of two passenger cars with spark-ignition engines powered alternatively: with gasoline and LPG fuel. The engines were equipped with fifth generation LPG fuelling systems. The tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer in tests used in approval procedures in Europe (NEDC test) and in the United States of America (FTP-75 test). These tests were the basis for determining the average specific distance emission of pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide) during the tests. The engines were also tested in the conditions of the external speed characteristics while accelerating the car in third gear. It was found that the type of fuelling the engines with both fuels has little influence on the dynamic properties of the engine due to the effective power. The tests clearly showed a decrease in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The relative reduction in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide was in the order of (45–65)%, and carbon dioxide—about 10%. For hydrocarbons, there was an increase in specific distance emission of hydrocarbons for the fuelling of engines with LPG, while for hydrocarbons, there was a large difference in the value of the relative specific distance emission difference for both tests. (The relative difference was from 25 to 175%.) Specific distance emission of nitrogen oxides turned out to be significantly higher when running engines with LPG. The reason for this is leaning of the fuel mixture at high rotational speed during acceleration of the car, which may result from insufficient conversion efficiency of engine control algorithms in the LPG fuel mode.

scholarly journals NOx and CO Emission Analysis Using Oxygenated Fuels for a Diesel Engine Equipped with Diesel Particulate Filter

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Andrei-Constantin SOFIAN ◽  
Mădălin-Florin POPA ◽  
Bogdan Manolin JURCHIȘ
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Reduce Emissions

The automotive industry is responsible for a big part of the pollutant emissions, and the measures that are being taken to reduce these emissions are extremely important. Compared to 1990 emissions of nitrogen oxides from internal combustion engines decreased approximately by 39%, and for PM 2.5 by 37%. Even so, emissions concerns have increased in recent years, so the EU has taken a series of measures to continuously reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide related to transport sector. It is well known that the replacement, even partial, of fossil fuels with alternative fuels has a significant contribution to the decarbonisation of trans-European transport, which reduces the environmental impact of this sector. With a share of around 4.7% of all fuels used in EU transport, biofuels are the main type of alternative fuel. In addition, if produced sustainably, biofuels help reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and solid particles, but at certain operating intervals, the engine can produce more NOx emissions, which is why diesel engines must be equipped with additional NOx emission treatment systems.

The Effects of Biogas Fuel in an Electric Generator on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Power Output, and Fuel Consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-958
Author(s):  
Isaac N. Itodo ◽  
Dorcas K. Yakubu ◽  
Theresa K. Kaankuka
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract. The rising cost of fossil fuels, global warming from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, unreliable grid supply electricity, and overdependence on hydropower electricity have resulted in low electricity per capita in Nigeria. This study was undertaken to produce, purify, and use biogas as a fuel to generate electricity with a 3.5 kW spark-ignition engine generator and determine its effect on GHG emissions, power output, and fuel consumption. Unpurified and purified biogas were used as fuels. The biogas was purified in water and in a calcium chloride solution. The fuels used to power the generator were gasoline, unpurified biogas, water-purified biogas, and calcium chloride-purified biogas. The GHGs measured were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide. The biogas was produced with a 3 m3 capacity floating-drum biogas plant. The total solids concentration and carbon/nitrogen ratio of the influent and effluent slurries were determined. The effects of fuel type on GHG emissions were determined in a 4 × 4 factorial experiment with three replicates in a completely randomized design. The effects of fuel type on power output and fuel consumption of the generator were determined in a 4 × 2 factorial experiment with three replicates in a completely randomized design. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance at p = 0.05. Duncan’s new multiple range test was used to separate means when there was significant difference. The results obtained showed that carbon dioxide emission was not affected by purification of the biogas because the carbon dioxide emissions from the fuel types were not significantly different. The carbon monoxide emission was much higher from the unpurified biogas than from the purified biogas fuels, although gasoline had the highest carbon monoxide emission. The water-purified biogas had the least carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide emissions. The unpurified biogas had the least nitrogen oxide emission compared to the purified biogas fuels and gasoline. The power output from the unpurified biogas was not significantly different from that of gasoline and was higher than the purified biogas fuels. The fuel consumptions of the purified biogas fuels were not significantly different. The water-purified biogas is recommended for use as fuel for the production of electricity from a spark-ignition engine generator. Keywords: Biogas, Effects, Electricity, Fuel consumption, Greenhouse gas emissions, Power output.

scholarly journals Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyu Gang Han ◽  
Jun Hyuk Jeon ◽  
Yong Jin Cho ◽  
Myoung Ho Kim ◽  
Seong Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Total Fuel Consumption

In Korea, rice is a major staple grain and is mainly cultivated using various agricultural machinery. Air pollutants emitted from agricultural machinery have their origins mainly from the exhaustion of internal combustion engines. In this study, emission characteristics of five main air pollutants by European Environment Agency's Tier 1 method for rice cultivation was analyzed. Diesel is a main fuel for agricultural machinery and gasoline is generally used only for rice transplanters as a fuel in Korea. Tractors consume 46% of total fuel consumption and 56% of diesel fuel consumption. Gasoline used for rice transplanters accounts for 17% of total fuel consumption each year. Tractors and rice transplanters are emitting 82% of all total pollutants. From 2011 to 2019, the total amount of air pollutant emissions was decrease by 15%. That accounted for the reduction of rice cultivation fields in those periods. Rice transplanting operation was in charge of 42% of total emissions. Then, harrowing, harvesting, tilling, leveling, and pest control operations generated 10%, 10%, 8%, 8% and 7% of total emissions, respectively. The contribution of each air pollutant held 54% of CO, 39% of NOx, 5% of NMVOC, and 2% of TSP from the total emission inventory. The three major regions emitting air pollutants from mechanized agricultural practices were Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, which consume 55% of total fuel usage in rice farming. The total amount of air pollutant emissions from rice cultivation practices in 2019 was calculated as 8,448 Mg in Korea.

scholarly journals 170 Social and Environmental Benefits of Virtual Fracture Clinics in Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery: Reduced Patient Travel Time, Patient Cost and Air Pollutant Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Fort ◽  
H Hughes ◽  
U Khan ◽  
A Glynn
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Patient Cost ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Patient Travel ◽  
Travel Burden

Abstract Aim Several papers have analysed the clinical benefits and safety of Virtual Fracture Clinics (VFCs). A significant increase in the use of Trauma and Orthopaedic (T&O) VFCs was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the social impact of VFCs on the travel burden and travel costs of T&O patients, as well as the potential environmental benefits in relation to fuel consumption and travel-related pollutant emissions. Method All patients referred for T&O VFC review from March 2020 to June 2020 were retrospectively analysed. The travel burden and environmental impacts of hypothetical face-to-face consultations were compared with these VFC reviews. The primary outcomes measured were patient travel time saved, patient travel distance saved, patient cost savings and reduction in air-pollutant emissions. Results Over a four-month period, 1359 VFC consultations were conducted. The average travel distance saved by VFC review was 88.6 kilometres (range 3.3-615), with an average of 73 minutes (range 9-390) of travel-time saved. Patients consumed, on average, 8.2 litres (range 0.3-57.8) less fuel and saved an average of €11.02 (range 0.41-76.59). The average reduction in air-pollutant vehicle emissions, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxides and volatile organic compounds was 20.3 kilograms (range 0.8-140.8), 517.3 grams (g) (range 19.3-3592.3), 38.1g (range 1.4-264.8) and 56.9g (range 2.1-395.2), respectively. Conclusions VFCs reduce patient travel distance, travel time and travel costs. In addition, VFCs confer significant environmental benefits through reduced fuel consumption and reduction of harmful environmental emissions.

scholarly journals An Attempt to Reduce the Emission of Spark-Ignition Engine with Mixtures of Bioethanol and Gasoline as Substitute Fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Wojciech Gis ◽  
Maciej Gis ◽  
Piotr Wiśniowski ◽  
Mateusz Bednarski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Limiting emissions of harmful substances is a key task for vehicle manufacturers. Excessive emissions have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human life. A significant problem is the emission of nitrogen oxides as well as solid particles, in particular those up to a diameter of 2.5 microns. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem. Therefore, work is underway on the use of alternative fuels to power the vehicle engines. The importance of alternative fuels applies to spark ignition engines. The authors of the article have done simulation tests of the Renault K4M 1.6 16v traction engine for emissions for fuels with a volumetric concentration of bioethanol from 10 to 85 percent. The analysis was carried out for mixtures as substitute fuels – without doing any structural changes in the engine's crankshafts. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen at full throttle for selected rotational speeds as well as selected engine performance parameters such as maximum power, torque, hourly and unit fuel consumption were determined. On the basis of the simulation tests performed, the reasonableness of using the tested alternative fuels was determined on the example of the drive unit without affecting its constructions, in terms of e.g. issue. Maximum power, torque, and fuel consumption have also been examined and compared. Thus, the impact of alternative fuels will be determined not only in terms of emissions, but also in terms of impact on the parameters of the power unit.

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