scholarly journals Trade-offs between efficiency, equality, and equity in restoration for flood protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaramar Villarreal-Rosas ◽  
Adrian L. Vogl ◽  
Laura J. Sonter ◽  
Hugh P. Possingham ◽  
Jonathan R. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Restoration Strategies ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

Abstract Conservation decision-makers and practitioners increasingly strive for efficient and equitable outcomes for people and nature. However, environmental management programs commonly benefit some groups of people more than others, and very little is known about how efforts to promote equality (i.e., even distributions) and equity (i.e., proportional distributions) trade-off against efficiency (i.e., total net outcome per dollar spent). Based on a case study in the Brigalow Belt Bioregion, Australia, we quantified trade-offs between equality, equity, and efficiency in planning for flood protection. We considered optimal restoration strategies that allocate a fixed budget (1) evenly among beneficiary sectors (i.e., seeking equality among urban residents, rural communities, and the food sector), (2) evenly among Local Government Areas within the Brigalow Belt (i.e., seeking spatial equality), and (3) preferentially to areas of highest socioeconomic disadvantage (i.e., seeking equity). We assessed equality using the Gini coefficient, and equity using an index of socioeconomic disadvantage. At an AUD10M budget, evenly distributing the budget among beneficiary sectors was 80% less efficient than ignoring beneficiary groups, and did not improve equality in the distribution of flood protection among beneficiary sectors. Evenly distributing the budget among Local Government Areas ensured restoration in four areas that were otherwise ignored, with a modest reduction in efficiency (12-25%). Directing flood protection to areas of highest socioeconomic disadvantage did not result in additional reductions in efficiency, and captured areas of high disadvantage for the rural and urban sectors that were missed otherwise. We show here that different ways of targeting equity and equality lead to quite different trade-offs with efficiency. Our approach can be used to guide transparent negotiations between beneficiaries and other stakeholders involved in a planning process.

scholarly journals Achieving equitable outcomes through games: using board games for civic engagement in scenario planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chun Lee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Government ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
Equitable Outcomes ◽  
The City

Scenario planning is a method that tests development alternatives and their impacts on achieving community goals. This planning method influences growth policy and development regulations and is useful in communications between different departments in the government and the subsequent trade-offs are significant to be able to communicate with the general public. City of Charlotte has been using scenario planning to work with local communities to develop the Charlotte Future 2040 Comprehensive Plan. The City is using a game called Growing Better Places to engage with residents and collect inputs for the Comprehensive Plan and for participants to learn about prioritizing growth and its impacts. The results of each game were combined to make three growth scenarios to show how Charlotte could grow. These scenarios in turn played a central role in assisting the City to adjust their general land use planning strategies. This study investigates those operational issues behind this game and the ability of the City to continually engage with local communities during the planning process.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

scholarly journals The Gendered Path for Girls in Rural Communities: The Impact of COVID-19 on Youth Presenting at Juvenile Detention Facilities

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110226
Author(s):  
April N. Terry ◽  
Ashley Lockwood ◽  
Morgan Steele ◽  
Megan Milner
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
Court Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Detention Facilities

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, girls and women represented one of the fastest growing populations within the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Since the spread of COVID-19, suggestions were provided to juvenile justice bodies, encouraging a reduction of youth arrests, detainments, and quicker court processing. Yet, the research comparing peri-COVID-19 changes for girls and boys is lacking, with an oversight to gender trends and rural and urban differences. This study used Juvenile Intake and Assessment Center (JIAC) data from a rural Midwestern state to look at rural and urban location trends for both boys and girls. Results suggest rural communities are responding differently to girls’ behaviors, revealing a slower decline in intakes compared to boys and youth in urban areas.

scholarly journals Barn Adaptation: A Proposal To Protect Rural Architecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley D. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Precious Resource ◽  
Suburban Development ◽  
Prime Farmland ◽  
Rural Architecture ◽  
Development Approach

The countryside that surrounds the Greater Toronto Area possesses a significant amount of Canada's prime farmland. However, to accommodate urban growth, this precious resource is being converted to provide urban developments. The area of interest for this thesis is the rural-urban fringe, a zone of transition between working farms, rural communities and urban residential developments. The developments that are built in this area illustrate a common development approach, the elimination of all obstacles, including farmland and rural architecture. This thesis introduces the concept of an alternative approach for suburban development, one that presents a compromise between rural and urban needs. At the heart of this concept is the design project, the adaptive reuse of a barn that serves as a tool to communicate the unique qualities of these monumental buildings. It also identifies the need to rethink suburban development approaches to include the preservation of rural architecture and prime farmland.

scholarly journals The reality of rurality : parent experiences with best start in two rural communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri Graham
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Parent Experiences ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Rural Service Delivery

Human services literature from a variety of disciplines demonstrates that rural and urban communities pose different challenges and opportunities for service delivery; however, little research specifically explores early learning and care service delivery in rural communities. This qualitative study draws on a critical ecological systems perspective to examine the experiences of rural parents accessing services through a specific service delivery strategy, Best Start networks. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data gathered from two rural communities as part of a larger study examining parent experiences with Best Start in three communities across Ontario (Underwood, Killoran, & Webster, 2010). Three themes emerged that related specifically to the rural experience: (a) Opportunities for Social Interaction; (b) Accessibility of Services; and, (c) Impact of Personal Relationships. Results indicate that certain factors related to rural life and location affected parents' experiences with Best Start services. Drawing on the broadly defined concept of accessibility, implications for rural service delivery are discussed and recommendations for practice and future research are presented.

scholarly journals Efek Ratchet pada Anggaran Pemerintah Daerah: Studi pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindyo Aji Susanto ◽  
Abdul Halim
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Ratchet Effect ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
Period Performance ◽  
Research Period ◽  
Direct Expenditure ◽  
Selection Of

Ratchet effect defined as form of budget setter’s behavioral bias in budget setting or budget planning process. Ratchet effect occurs when budget setter use prior period performance as basis to determine the upcoming budget as a consequences of the dynamic incentives problems in agency relation context. Lee and Plummer (2007) documented ratchet effect in public sector budgeting on performance based budgeting implementation. This study aims to find whether ratchet effecct occur in public sector budgeting, especially in Indonesian local government budgeting.This study use Local Government Task Force (SKPD) of Yogyakarta Special Region Province Government as research object for research period between 2012 to 2015. Selection of sample derived using purposive sampling to 31 SKPD and generates 17 sample which has Region Original Revenue (PAD) component and so 28 sample which has Direct Expenditure component in each of it’s budget structure. Total observed object used to examine ratchet effect in PAD budgeting is 68 observation and so forth 112 observation used to examine ratchet effect in Direct Expenditure budgeting. Multiple Linear Regresion used to test the hypotheses. The result shows that ratchet effect occurs in both PAD and Direct Expenditure budgeting, so all research hypotheses statistically accepted. This research generate evidence the occurence of ratchet effect in local government budgeting.

scholarly journals Trends in Subspecialization: A Comparative Analysis of Rural and Urban Clinical Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 332-338
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Wendling ◽  
Andrew Short ◽  
Fredrick Hetzel ◽  
Julie P. Phillips ◽  
William Short
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Clinical Education ◽  
American Medical College ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Application Service ◽  
Match Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Urban Campus

Background and Objectives: Medical students who train in rural communities are often exposed to physicians practicing a broad scope of care, regardless of discipline. We examined how rural education is associated with practice specialization rates for students who match in primary care or general core specialties. Methods: We linked practice and specialty data (2016 AMA Masterfile dataset), demographics (American Medical College Application Service data), and internal college data for 1974-2011 Michigan State University College of Human Medicine graduates who received clinical education on either the Upper Peninsula (rural) or Grand Rapids (urban) campuses. Current practice was verified using internet searches. We compared specialty and practice data by rural or urban campus, controlling for multiple variables. Results: More rurally-trained graduates entered primary care (PC) residencies (128/208, 61.5%) than urban-trained graduates (457/891, 51.3%; P<.01), with rurally-trained graduates being twice as likely to enter family medicine (FM) residencies. Most FM residents remained PC physicians (205/219, 93.6%). Internal medicine residents were least likely to remain in primary care (91/189, 48.1%). Of the general core disciplines, general surgeons were least likely to remain in general surgical practice (45/134, 33.6%). Within each PC or general core discipline, the proportion of graduates who specialized did not differ by type of campus. Conclusions: Rurally-trained graduates are more likely to practice primary care, chiefly due to increased likelihood of choosing a FM residency. Graduates entering PC or general core residencies subspecialize at similar rates regardless of rural or urban education. FM residency match rate may be the best predictor of long-lasting impact on the primary care workforce.

Synergizing Folklore and Urban Values for Sustainable Liveability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Spiritual Education ◽  
Rural People ◽  
City Life ◽  
Global Sustainability ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Common ◽  
The City ◽  
Common Future

The synergy between rural and urban values is depicted as the source for local and global sustainability. This paper asserts that the folklore tradition of the rural people of Bangladesh promotes sustainability through their respect for nature, spiritual education and the common future of generations. Such values are embedded in the country’s economy, schools, media and other institutions where these messages are taught, articulated and promoted. The positive spiritual dispositions of rural people in Bangladesh towards natural calamities allow them to interpret such events as nature's tools for managing sustainable liveability. Bangladeshi rural communities also enjoy self-reliant living without destroying the country's base of natural resources in contrast to the city dwellers. Thus, the paper aims to establish that the implements for achieving global sustainability could be embedded in “rural modernization” – a way of blending rural values and folklore in city life.

ICT

2014 ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Julián Briz ◽  
José María Duran ◽  
Isabel Felipe ◽  
Teresa Briz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The University

Agriculture is facing new challenges in rural and urban areas, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) may play a significant role. In this chapter, there is a background description of the ICT sector in the interface of urban and rural communities within the framework of agriculture. It describes some case analyses focused in agronomy and social sciences. In agronomy, the focuses are environment, food production, and pollution. In socioeconomics, there is a brief identification of ICT applications such as the collaboration between the university and firms. Considering the heterogeneousness of the analysis, the future research directions include different methods of studies for ICT programs (house of quality, structural organization, and others).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document